The Importance of a Quality Education

The quality of education in today†s school systems has gone down substantially due to many different factors. Some people disagree and go as far as saying that the quality of education is better, but many studies and expert testimonial will show that there has been a large downfall in how students are taught and how students learn compared to the past. This evidence will also show that the problems begin starting as early as the elementary level of school. One statement that is believed by some is that since the average teacher to student ratio has gone from 1:22 to 1:17 that tudents are getting more personal attention and their needs are being met better by teachers. However, just recently, in the studies of teacher to student ratio were special education and other reduced size classes added to the tally creating the illusion that the average class size is really smaller than it actually is. When in fact class sizes have generally stayed the same. In some cases classes have gotten bigger in certain states causing overcrowding which results in less personal attention. It also opens the door for students with learning disabilities to go unnoticed by teachers, urthering the damage to their education (NCES Fast Facts). Another false belief is that students of today are more literate that students of the past. This maybe true for the overall average but in recently it was noticed that in the period from 1980 to 1996 students in the age groups of nine, thirteen, and seventeen years, all saw a drop of at least one point on the Reading Proficiency Scale. From 1980 to 1996 students in the age group of nine years dropped three points. From 1992 to 1996 students in the age group of thirteen years dropped one point. Finally students in the ge group of seventeen years saw a drop of two points from 1984 to 1996 proving that students† scores in reading, although better than forty years ago, have seen a recent drop in the past fifteen to Students receiving a broad range of education is another common misconception. In a period of ten years from 1982 to 1992 the average number of vocational credits acquired by graduating high school seniors dropped from 4. 6 to 3. 8. Also seeing a drop in numbers was the average credits earned in specific labor market preparation classes which includes, agriculture, home economics and family consumer sciences, trade nd industrial, business, and law classes. Specific labor market preparation classes which in 1982 filled out 2. 9 of and average students high school credits dropped to bleak 2. 6 over ten years. This shows that students are sticking more to the basic core classes and college preparatory classes decreasing the overall knowledge gained by the secondary education level student (NCES Fast The last false observation noted in this paper is that students are learning things at earlier ages than in the past. This fact is true in some cases such as in technology and English, but in math lasses children start at an average level of learning and over the course of elementary and junior high tend to drop below average (Children). These drops are believed to be caused by students who learn certain subjects in one grade and then the same subjects may be covered in the next grade causing the student to become bored and uninterested in the material (Newcomb, 11). Recently it was noticed that the science skills of students between the fourth and eighth grade have dropped into what some call a slump. However, according to Dr. Gerald K. LeTendre, an assistant professor of education at Penn State, the drop is not due o a recent change in circumstances, but instead it is due to what Dr. LeTendre refers to as a â€Å"continuation of low gains from year to year. † â€Å"This continuation of low gains from year to year has continued for over twenty years and will keep dropping unless measures are taken to ensure the safety and quality of the students education,† commented LeTendre (Children). Yet another cause for this downfall in grades and test scores is pointed out by long time high school teacher, Ron P. Milder. In an interview on April 12, 1999 Milder suggested that the cause of this decrease is many factors, but one main factor is the outside istractions that are brought into school which take away from the students attention level. Many students now have jobs, sports practice and plays which they are involved in that take priority over school in a students mind. Another distraction Milder pointed out was that during his school days divorced parents were unheard of and in this day and age single parent families are about equal to two parent families which causes disruption in a students mind and also takes away from the students learning opportunities Another expert on education, Jean Piaget, believes that during the second stage of intellectual development children are ot given the proper amount of challenges to fully develop their potential which in turn slows them down in the remaining two stages of development. Piaget believes that in intellectual development four stages occur in the human brain the first being sensorimoror which occurs from birth to the age of two. The second, preoperational, occurs from age two to age seven. The third stage is concrete operational, which happens between ages seven and eleven. Finally the fourth is formal operational which is deductive reasoning, this occurs from age eleven and up. When the child can not express their full ability during the preoperational eriod they slow down their process of passing through the four stages. When this happens the student falls behind in learning and if the student is not shown the proper ways will only fall farther and farther behind as they grow older (Brainerd). One of the largest supporting pieces of evidence in the decrease of knowledge is the all mighty dollar. Money has, does, and always will play a large part in the way people make decisions and when it comes to teaching the money is short. Because of this many of the brightest minds who should be teaching go on to business where they can make double a teachers salary. Teaching is also a very stressful job including long hours and hard work. Some people who go into it don†t have the right mindset and end up quitting within the first few years (Milder). Another part of money is the funding of schools in the United States. Government funds to schools are sometimes not enough to cover all the costs so schools tend to cut back on what they should be getting more of. Many schools have out-dated construction and need to be rebuilt but funding comes up short so often they are left with a school that isn†t an adequate teaching or learning environment (Milder). Many of the problems existing in today†s schools are problems that can be fixed through time and vigorous effort, but the effort needs to be given by all sides of the problem. When only few people care about the problem nothing gets fixed. The problems should be addressed by a qualified group of experienced educators and students. The next goal would be to come up with possible solutions to the problems existing in today†s schools. After this is done the money needs to be raised and the appropriate measures need to be taken to relieve the problems that are eating away the education of today†s children.

Describe How to Minimize the Risk of Infection to Self and Others Essay

Working Together sets out how organisations and individuals should work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and young people in accordance with the Children Act 1989 and the Children Act 2004. Part 1 of the document is issued as statutory guidance. Practitioners and agencies will have different responsibilities under different areas of the guidance and should consult the preface for a fuller explanation of their statutory duties. CHANGE TO STATUTORY GUIDANCE: On 10 June, Tim Loughton MP, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Children and Families announced a change to the statutory guidance set out in Chapter 8 of this document relating to Serious Case Reviews (SCRs). Local Safeguarding Boards should publish overview reports of all new SCRs initiated on or after 10 June 2010, together with the executive summary; neither document should contain identifying details. A letter to local authorities and their Board partners on Local Safeguarding Children Boards has been issued and provides guidance under section 16(2) of the Children Act 2004. This letter should be read in conjunction with Chapter 8. Working Together is addressed to practitioners and front line managers who have particular responsibilities for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and to senior and operational managers. Part 2 of the document is issued as non-statutory practice guidance. Includes: * Introduction: working together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and families * Roles and responsibilities * Local Safeguarding Children Boards * Training, development and supervision for inter-agency working * Managing individual cases where there are concerns about a child’s safety and welfare * Supplementary guidance on safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children * Child death review processes * Serious case reviews * Lessons from research

Fences: African American and Troy Essay

In 1987, August Wilson’s â€Å"Fences† was a part of his Pittsburg Cycle of dramas of the 20th Century. These plays were used to â€Å"examine important elements of African American experiences† (Gardner 1331). The symbolisms in the play are used to tell the late life story of Troy Maxon and his relationship with family. From the start of the play, there is conflict and foreshadowing that shows Troy’s own belief that he has failed in life and that the world did not give him what he deserved. He believes that he has to venture outside of his family to find relief. At the start of the play, Wilson takes the audience into the seemingly happy life of Troy Maxon. The author then makes it clear that he felt like a failure and was not happy. The first symbol that is seen is the difference between the white people and the black people. Troy takes a stand and asks why black people never get to drive the trash trucks. Most of his coworkers believe that he will be fired. This theme of not being appreciated and believing that something is not enough is seen through all the symbols used in this drama. A second symbol seen is sports and dreams of the future. Troy had been in the Negro League and played baseball until he was over 40 years old. The problem presents itself when Troy is overlooked by the recently desegregated professional baseball league because of his age. His dreams of playing for the professional white league were smashed, and he believed that he had nothing to show his worth in the later years. This defeat in his career also defeated Troy mentally. From then on, he saw his family and his life as a failure that he wanted to escape from, yet he could not shake the feeling of responsibility to them. Troy’s first son, Lyons, is accepted by Troy. Lyons is a failure in Troy’s eyes and so Troy believes that Cory is no better than him. Lyons wants to be a musician, but he is not very successful. Troy sees Lyons failure in music career to be equivalent to his failure to get into the professional league. He believes that his son will eventually take an unskilled job and end up just like his father. In the last scene of the play it is revealed that Lyons did end up defeated, but not to the extent of his father. His love of music still lived and he was still pursuing his dream. Unlike his son Lyon, Troy’s feeling of failure is evident in his relationship with his son, Cory. Cory is an excellent football player, and yet, Troy refuses to acknowledge his son’s ability even when he is recruited by a college. Troy will not let Cory succeed where he failed and refuses to let Cory go to college on a football scholarship. In Act 1, Scene 3, Cory asks Troy â€Å"How come you ain’t never liked me? † (Wilson 1075). Troy is angry at this question and tells Cory that â€Å"†¦it’s my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to you! † (Wilson 1076). However, even before this it is obvious that Troy sees Cory as nothing but an annoyance that continues until the final scene, when Cory arrives for Troy’s funeral. Troy’s relationship with his wife Rose is an unfaithful one. He is constantly stating that there is no better woman or wife, yet he has an affair with Alberta. Through this diversity, Rose is eventually presented as a model of the strong African American woman. She has given her life to Troy, and yet he has an affair with Alberta. He explains the affair as a way to ignore the responsibilities of his failed life. This aggravates Rose because he has never taken her feelings, wants or needs into consideration. Troy continues to be married to Rose, but also continues his affair with Alberta while Rose knows about the whole thing. Rose even accepts the call from the hospital when Alberta dies while giving birth. The full strength of Rose is not shown until Troy brings home his love child. He asks Rose to help him raise her. Rose’s response shows the intensity of her strength. She says, â€Å"From right now†¦this child got a mother. But you is a womanless man† (Wilson 1099). Rose makes it apparent that this child will have as good a life as Rose can give her and she will show no animosity or jealousy towards the child. Troy, on the other hand, will have the responsibility of the child, Rose, Lyons, and Cory while receiving nothing in return. Throughout all these trials, the fence is essential in the explanation of Troy’s life. Rose had requested the fence, and it symbolized her family being held together. The fact that Troy never really worked on the fence showed that he was not in love with Rose, but felt a responsibility to her. He wanted his freedom and the fence symbolized his imprisonment. The symbol of the fence throughout this play connects everything back to the fact that Troy Maxon was unhappy with his life, and felt as if he were a failure. He felt no real responsibility to Lyons, hence their relationship was better. Troy was jealous of Cory and reminded of his failures by Rose. Wilson used the fence to tell this story. It was not just a story of a life seen as a failure, but a look into the mind and thoughts of an African American man of the 1950s. Works Cited Wilson, August. Fences. Literature: A Portable Anthology. Ed. Janet E. Gardner, 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2012. 1053-1111. Print. Gardner, Janet, Beverly Lawn, Jack Ridl, Peter Schakel, eds. Literature: A Portable Anthology. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. Print.

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan Essay

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan - Essay Example Other fields have also embraced the concept of clinical supervision with a variation of the same though under a different name altogether. This paper is going to focus on the various aspects of clinical supervision. It will begin with a brief background of the concept. A definition of the concept will be provided for purposes of understanding what clinical supervision is all about. It will then look at what happens in clinical supervision including the various stages involved. It will then provide a reflection of the good things that I encountered during clinical supervision before also looking at the bad things in clinical supervision. The paper will then look at some of the key issues in clinical supervision outlining their importance and how to improve on them in the future. This will then be followed by a discussion of some of the challenges that I faced and the mechanisms that I put in place to overcome them. The paper will conclude explaining why clinical supervision is important in nursing and the difference that it makes in the entire profession. Clinical supervision There has been a longstanding assumption in the medical field that nurses and midwives for that matter â€Å"learn on the Job† but in true sense there have been very few mechanisms that are put in place to ensure this aspect happens (Bryant, 2010, p. 36 ). Clinical supervision is an aspect that was introduced way back in the early 1990’s to describe a systematic structure for professional development for nurses and midwives. This concept was seen as a means of bringing together the aspect of reflection, development, individual responsibility and accountability within a framework that offers support and promotes safe practices (Gordon, 2000, p. 27). The overall intention of introducing this concept is to be able to promote safe practice and help in identifying the wilful bad practices that are exemplified nurses at the workplace and how these can be avoided in future operations (Bryant, 2010, p. 37 ). The NMC viewed the practices by nurses as individual responsibility an d therefore in 1993 they put forward a code that stated â€Å"As a professional you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions.† This showed the aspect of individual responsibility and accountability (NMC, 2008). The council later on realized the importance of clinical supervision as being essential to accountable nursing practice and therefore endorsed its adoption in every branch of nursing. However the implementation of this aspect was essentially left to the practitioners in the individualized or local situations (Jeremy & Suresh, 2007, p. 412). The council still supports the aspect of clinical supervision but believes that it is better developed at local levels in line with the local needs of the population (Bryant, 2010, p. 39 ). Clinical supervision is therefore described as â€Å"regular protected time for facilitated, in-depth reflection on clinical practice aimed to enable the supervisee t o achieve, sustain and creatively develop a high quality of practice through the means of focused support and development.† (NCNM, 2008, p. 2) Brunero & Stein-Parbury (2008, p. 87) define clinical supervision as â€Å" a process of professional support and learning in which nurses are assisted in developing their practice through regular discussion time with experienced and knowledgeable colleagues.† It is evident from this that the principle of discussion is used in clinical supervision. Discussion or reflection is used to assist the nurse’s figure out what happened in a given situation and what

Discussing the controversy of vaccines and their potential link to Essay

Discussing the controversy of vaccines and their potential link to disease such as autism - Essay Example This however has left a fear in parents of vaccinating their children. There has been a lot of research and information put forward since then to allay these fears. The conclusion of all the research done is that there is no empirical evidence to show a direct link between vaccine and autism. On the contrary there are more reports providing sufficient proof that vaccines are safe. It is understandable however that parents will remain skeptical and concerned. The major ingredient in these vaccines that has been cited as a possibility for causing autism is thimerosal. Multidose vaccines posed a potential threat of contamination to children many years ago. Thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, was therefore added to vaccines at low concentrations in the 1930s to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth and to protect the immunized from infections at the site of the immunization. However it is a mercury-based preservative. But it contains ethylmercury and not methylmercury. There have been no existing guidelines for the safe amount of ethylmercury in the human body and so the guidelines for methylmercury were used on the false assumption that the body handles them both in the same way. This led to confusion, believing that ethylmercury would have the same possibly harmful effects on humans as methylmercury. Around the same time a report from the California Department of Developmental Services indicated a rise in autism over the years which was later described as an epidemic. (Weber, 2008). This led to even firmer belief by some parents that there was a connection between the vaccines and autism, although there was still no scientific proof. As Weber states â€Å"A report in 2004 by the Institute of Medicine concluded that there is no association between autism and MMR vaccine, or between autism and thimerosal† She further states that, â€Å"there is no conclusive evidence that any vaccine or vaccine additive increases the risk of

Corporate Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Financial Accounting - Essay Example management would create a provision for restructuring without having any commitment. Besides this, management used to manipulate the auditors by combining in many little amounts of provisions, which, when gathered made up a huge amount. This helped them to skim their profits and gain tax advantages, etc. Except these two problems, provision accounting used methods where provision was created for one purpose and then used for another. All this led to poor disclosure and difficulty in assessing the effect of provisions on reported profits. Provisions were particularly created when profits were high and decreased or eliminated when profits were low in order to smooth the outcome. This was commonly done when an organisation acquired another business entity, the acquirer created increased number of provisions as a cost of merging the new business’s operations. When the provisions were released later, the profits reported would seem falsely inflated. Provision accounting was used to boost share price by disguising poor performance in a particular year by profit smoothing to create an impression that the profit are less volatile, this led to increased investing in a particular company. (Management Accountant Blog, 2007) To overcome such an issue, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) came up with International Accounting Standard (IAS 37). This standard’s main purpose was to prevent organisations from recognising excessive provisions by focusing on the Balance Sheet and applying proper definition and recognition criteria in the framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements. According to IAS 37 can only be recognised if it meets the criteria of a liability and a liability according to IAS 37 is â€Å"a present obligation arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow

Training during global recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Training during global recession - Essay Example This paper will posit the various views stating why it is an unwise move for the company to discontinue its training programmes. Galagan (2009) views the effect of the economic challenges of 2008 as motivators for greater precision and efficiency in the execution of business strategies. There is a move towards more constrained use of resources, including people. At about the same time, however, there is an accelerating retirement trend among the Baby Boomer generation, creating a skills gap in several organizations. This is apparent in the rehiring or extension of retirees and retirables in jobs that require specialized knowledge and skills, and for which there is a dearth of qualified younger workers. The confluence of forces that bear upon industry’s manpower complement sometimes create perplexing developments. For instance, the grim economy has manufacturers and other businesses laying off record numbers of workers, yet at the same time there is strong, unsatisfied demand for employees that have anxious companies begging on their knees (Cadrain, 2009). According to economists, academics and human resource managers, the causes can be traced to changing technology, offshoring, global competition and retirements. It is thus not a matter of the unavailability of jobs, but the unavailability of the right types of employees to fill the jobs that are open and waiting. Apparently, â€Å"it’s not a worker shortage, it’s a talent shortage,† according to a report by The Manufacturing Institute, Deloitte and Oracle (Cadrain, 2009). In all companies, there is need for particular skills and talents that training can address, even and especially during an economic slowdown. It takes a matter of strong leadership, vision and foresight to perceive the necessity of training, the kind of training needed, and how such training can benefit the company long after the recession has ended (Van Buskirk, 2009). The American

Organisational behaviour and performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational behaviour and performance - Essay Example As a leader, he /she should be able to influence the conduct and behavior of the team members to the interest of the organization. According to Impact Achievement group (2011), the main resource that any manager should have to manage the performance of other junior workers or employees is their influence and time. Influence is the ability to motivate the employees in the company by use of power. The potential of the person to influence is the social power. Moreover, social power is the resources or the ability that enables a manager to create commitment and compliance from others (Gareth, 2012). The paper reviews how managers can use power and politics to help them in achieving the objective of the organization. According to Steven (2012), power is a means of facilitating the managers to achieve goals and is the capacity of the manager to influence decisions and actions of the work. Managers use power as a way of influencing the subordinates to attain the objectives of the company. In other words, it is a means of getting things done through other people. In the article of the National Defense University (2013), the two main sources of power mostly used by the managers are the position power and personal power. In many formal settings, there are laid down structures on how power flows as per the positions held. The manager or the holder of the position receives or access power based on his or her position in the hierarchy of the organization. Such power is called legitimate power (Impact Achievement group, 2011). Unlike the other forms of power, which the manager can use to achieve the objective of the company in increasing the market share of the company, legitimate power has authority and is universally accepted by everyone in the company (Meyer, 2005). The manager as the team leader is given the power to influence performance. In achievement of the company objectives, to increase the market share of the company,

Biotic Components Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biotic Components - Essay Example The beginner of the pond ecosystem is sun. Producers use sunlight and convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds and oxygen through a process called photosynthesis. Other most important nutrition for plants is nitrogen and phosphorus. Wandering plants or the phytoplankton (Volvox, Oscillatoria, Diatoms, Spirogyra, Zygnema, Hydrodictyon, Desmids, etc) go through the process of photosynthesis and release oxygen in the water which can be used by bacteria and animals in the pond. Likewise, the Periphytic algae (attached to the rocks and other substances) carry out photosynthesis and provide oxygen in the bottom of the pond so the decomposers can use it. The submerged plants and the Floating plants (Nelumbium, Nymphea, Blixa, Eicchornia, Pistia etc) provide oxygen to the pond and the emergent plants, to the environment outside the pond. This is the first level. Herbivores and carnivorous belong to the second level and are called consumers. Herbivores feed on plants and get en ergy whereas the carnivores feed on herbivorous and get energy. But whenever an animal or a plant is not consumed by any other animal, that matter is decomposed by decomposers, which are on the 3rd level. The tissues are broken down into much simpler compounds which are again used by the plants for nutrients. As energy is converter, some of it is released in the form of heat in the water to maintain the inner functions of the cells in every organism. Nutrient cycle Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are really important for a cell. The process through which these substances pass from on organism to another or from on cell to the other is called nutrient cycle. Change over time The health of an ecosystem can be endangered by several changes over time. If specie is killed in the pond, it can be highly dangerous for other living in the pond as many animals might feed on that specie for nutrients and the whole system might crash. Due to the climate change, excessive heat in the environment, d rought can appear killing all the species living there. The growth of thick trees around the pond can block the passage of sunlight to the pond, resulting in death of plants and thus the animals. Besides this, natural succession can occur which can totally change the biotic community. It actually occurs due to the changes in the plants, animals or other a-biotic factors, and so a new eco cycle can begin How humans may have affected biogeochemical cycles in that ecosystem. There are many ways a human might affect the pond ecosystem. Nitrogen cycle affected: During transportation, ammonia is released in the atmosphere, which is absorbed in the pond. Fertilizers are highly harmful for the fishes as it contains nitrites and nitrates and thus can affect the nitrogen cycle. Ammonia is extremely toxic to fish and should be removed or converted into harmless matter. If the level of ammonia increases in the pond, fishes can die. New agricultural practices have highly disturbed the nitrogen c ycle of the pond. In order to fulfill the agricultural demands for food, there is an extensive usage of nitrogen gas in the green house which enters the pond through different means. Carbon cycle affected: Accumulation of Carbon dioxide in the pond is highly dangerous for the fish species living in it. If the carbon dioxide amount is high in the pond, it would be difficult for the fishes to remove their internal carbon dioxide in the water, resulting in accumulation in fish blood. This inhibits and endangers the ability of hemoglobin in the fish blood, and thus causes suffocation for fishes.

The impact of business environment on hospitality industry of Westin Assignment

The impact of business environment on hospitality industry of Westin Grand Hotel situated in Munich of Germany - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that hospitality industry is a very significant constituent of the service sector and is a vital element for a country’s national economy. The hospitality industry is frequently defined as an unseen export because it does not usually include tangible delivery of goods, rather than movement of people. Tourists come into hotels from numerous places of world in order to obtain service and experience generosity. Hospitality industry is categorised by place bound industry, where the individuals and the visitors obtain goods and services in the same place. Therefore, hospitality industry confronts with numerous challenges in the business environment. Factors such as flexible income, vacation time and travel enthusiasm of people among others can determine the success and development of hospitality industry. Tourists travel for several purposes. The travel drives of tourist impact the approach of travelling and selecting the destinations. Pleasure travellers sea rch for cultural and entertaining enjoyment, while business travellers conduct business or join in international conferences in foreign countries through travel. There are several business environmental factors which can impact on the travellers’ decision to fly in a certain country, thus can impact on the hospitality industry’s profitability and performance. The recent financial crisis had impacted on global hospitality industry. In the year 2011, as the demand for travel increased, the hospitality industry had restored. ... It is expected that the business environment will develop in upcoming years. Luxury and full service hotels are recovering rapidly because of reappearance of business tourists, mostly in urban markets (Ernst & Young, 2011). Travel is one of the significant habits of people’s life in Germany. For tourists, Germany is considered as a place with one of the most developed infrastructures in terms of hospitality business, and it has good cultural resources along with environmental stability. Therefore, the hospitality system in Germany provides supreme travelling experience for national as well as international guests. In present days, the customers seek for convenience while selecting any hotel, such as environment, hotel background and service style among others. Customers, make their decisions about choosing hotels on the basis of affordability, dependability, impressiveness and specialty. As a consequence, hotels competing on low-cost, brand name, enterprise and exceptional ser vices can succeed in the hospitality industry of Germany. In the year 2008, the hospitality industry generated revenue of almost 55.5 billion Euros. In comparison with other countries the average rate of hotels in Germany was much competitive (Germen Business Portal, 2008). The recent economic crisis had affected the hotel industry in Germany. In the year 2009, total number of overnight spending had reduced by 0.1% to 0.2%. In comparison with industrial hospitality performance at that period of time, the performance of German hotels was much better. Due to economic recession in the year 2009, the cost of hotels in Germany had also decreased, but in 2010, the room rates had raised by 2%. With respect to hotel room rate, Germany ranked as 14 among top 22 significant tourism

Demonstrative Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demonstrative Communication - Assignment Example It is purely relayed or conveyed through signs, gestures and conduct. It can be so complicated especially when the means applied need certain intellectual skills to decipher. Demonstrative communication can be very challenging since people can even communicate their feelings and intentions by use of color, dressing, walking style or even long-term behavior (Jones, Stanley & Curtis, 2002). Some demonstrative communications, therefore, need some levels of expertise, and can only be translated into an understandable means by professionals like a psychiatrist or psychologists. The circle of communication involves the purpose of the sender and the opinion of the receiver. There is a blurred line between these two aspects and are most times mistaken. Effective communication has always been accomplished by verbal communication, which is direct and easy to relay. The only demerit of verbal communication or the use of language to communicate is the case of language barrier, which refrains one from understanding the message. Non-verbal communication is not as effective as verbal communication (Jones, Stanley & Curtis, 2002). However, it is not entirely ineffective – both non-verbal and demonstrative communications have their merits and demerit the effectiveness of demonstrative communication comes in when the sender knows exactly when, where, how and to whom to relay it to. Demonstrative communication can be easily confused since it relies on the perception of the receiver. It can result to confusion especially when the receiver makes a wrong translation of the message conveyed. Besides, perceptions are dynamic and depend on mode, emotions, prejudice and place. This form of communication is also ineffective since the receiver can fail to notice anything at all. Mode of dressing can tell a lot about character, social status and class while the color of clothing can demonstrate

The Lost City of Nan Madol Essay Example for Free

The Lost City of Nan Madol Essay Legends of lost cities like Atlantis and El Dorado have always fascinated mankind throughout the centuries, because of their mystery. But off the coast of Micronesia lies a real mysterious city called Nan Madol. Nan Madol is a ruined city that lies off the eastern shore of the island of Pohnpei that was the capital of the Saudeleur dynasty until about 1628. It is in the present day Madolenihmw district of Pohnpei state, in the Federated States of Micronesia, my home land, in the western Pacific Ocean. The city consists of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals. I did not know much about Nan Madol so I had to ask the one person I knew would really help me. That person was my grandfather, Bethwel Henry. I had to ask how the people back did then come up with the name Nan Madol. He said that Nan Madol means â€Å"spaces between† and is a reference of the canals that crisscross the ruins. It is often called The Venus of the Pacific†. â€Å"According to Pohnpeian legend† he said, â€Å"Nan Madol was constructed by twin sorcerers Olisihpa and Olosohpa†. The brothers arrived in a large canoe seeking a place to build an altar so that they could worship Nahnisohn Sahpw, the god of agriculture. After several false starts, the two brothers successfully built an altar at off Temwen Island, where they performed their rituals. In legend, these brothers levitated the huge stones with the aid of a flying dragon. When Olisihpa died of old age, Olosohpa became the first Saudeleur (ruler) of Nan Madol. Olosohpa married a local woman and sired twelve generations, producing sixteen other Saudeleur rulers. The founders of the dynasty ruled kindly, though their successors placed ever increasing demands on their subjects. Their reign ended with the invasion by Isokelekel, who also resided at Nan Madol, though his successors abandoned the site. On Nan Madol there is no fresh water or food; water must be collected and food grown inland. During Saudeleur rule, Pohnpeians brought essential food and water by boat. The Saudeleur received food at a particular islet. Around 1628, when Isokelekel overthrew the Saudeleurs and began the Nahnmwarki (King) Era, the Nahnmwarkis lived at Nan Madol, but had to gather their own water and grow their own food. This is thought to have caused them eventually to abandon Nan Madol and move back to their own districts. Before the outbreak of World War II, the Japanese administered the strange island. The Japanese investigated a Nan Madol legend that referred to corpse resting in the â€Å"House of Dead† , and allegedly their divers discovered an underwater structure containing elaborate watertight coffins made of pure platinum. Records indicating that how much of the platinum may have been removed by the Japanese, or if any platinum watertight coffins still exist, has been either hidden away or destroyed by the Japanese. Archeologists have uncovered human bones that belonged to people considerably larger than the Pohnpeians who lived today. Today Nan Madol forms an archaeological district covering more than 18 square kilometers and includes the stone architecture built up on a coral reef flat along the shore of Temwen Island, several other artificial islets, and the adjacent Pohnpei main island coastline. The site core with its stone walls encloses an area approximately 1. 5 km long by 0. 5 km wide and it contains nearly 100 artificial islets bordered by tidal canals. Carbon dating indicates that the construction of Nan Madol began around 1200 CE, while archaeological site show that the area may have been occupied as early as 200 BCE. Some probable diggings sites around the island have been identified, but the exact origin of the stones of Nan Madol is yet undetermined. None of the proposed diggings sites exist in Madolenihmw, meaning that the stones must have been transported to their current location. It has been suggested that they might have been floated through raft from the diggings, and a short dive between the island and the diggings shows a trail of dropped stones. However, no one has successfully demonstrated or explained the process. Some modern Pohnpeians believe the stones were flown to the island by use of black magic. In 1985 the ruins of Nan Madol were declared a National Historical Landmark. Currently, a greater effort is being made to preserve them. A lot of people from other countries travel to Micronesia to see the ruins and said that a trip to the ruins is an unforgettable thing you can do in Micronesia.

Techniques to Increase Student Enrolment

Techniques to Increase Student Enrolment International Student Recruitment at University of Wales (Positioning, Target Market, Services  and Advantages) ABSTRACT: The higher education market globally is becoming increasingly dynamic and competitive. Options for students have increased at a dramatic rate. The education industry is regarded no less then any other business, prospecting and attracting students from around the world. Consequently, we can say with utmost confidence that it is misleading to separate the word marketing from education industry. Students have been over loaded with information due to globalization, and realize that to survive in this competitive market, they need to equip themselves with the best knowledge. INTRODUCTION: The university once established can serve as an efficient self recruitment tool for students. Universities have been spending so much on recruitment activities but not on the right track. It is essential for universities to help, identify and clarify what their name in particular means and how it is different from other alternatives.  The role of a university is to widen horizons and challenge existing paradigms. This university will pursue these goals in their more traditional sense. However, the uniqueness of the institution means that special focus will be placed upon widening the horizons of its students and raising their own confidence to achieve their full potential.   The title of the University underscores our commitment to the region within which its campuses are located whilst reaffirming its responsibility, as a university, to the wider academic and international community. Mazarrol (1998) suggested that higher education is a considerable marketable service and it possess all the necessary characteristics of services identified earlier by Zeithaml et al (1985). Among the characteristics, difficulty in marketing intangibility of services prevails more in education industry as it is difficult to define (Mazzarol, 1998). Marketing of educational institutions in UK started in 1980’s (Brown and Oplatka, 2006) and due to increasing competitive environment, nationally and internationally, universities are sensing the need to market themselves aggressively and after careful situational analysis, they carefully need to adapt strategies to effectively position their in the mind of students (Ivy, 2001). Higher education has become a positional good in the sense that students, parents and employers view some institutions as offering better social life and future prospects and vice versa, institutes seek for the best students (Hirsch, 1976; Maringe, 2006).   University of Wales is already enormously diverse on any number of dimensions, including ethnicity and nationality. The University celebrates this diversity and looks further to widen its international reputation and appeal. Any firm, no matter which business they are in, works in vacuum. You need to observe actively which environment you are working in, considering all the external factors which might influence your business. Competitors, especially, have a massive impact on company’s profitability. Rivalry among existing competitors takes the familiar form of jockeying for a better position, pushing companies to adapt tactics such as price cuts, product innovation etc in order to have competitive advantage. All these devices one way or the other, affect the overall profitability of the firm. BACKGROUND: University of Wales is s a confederal  Pontypridd. It also accredits courses abroad and has over 100,000 students. The Chancellor of the University of Wales is  Archbishop of Wales, Dr. Barry Morgan. The Vice-Chancellor is Professor Marc Clement The University was composed of  Privy Council  to change its name to the University of Wales, Newpo Cardiff University and the University Of Wales College Of Medicine (UWCM) merged on  2005  to study other subjects are awarded Cardiff University degrees The University has a clear mission as a regional institution which aims to extend opportunity and widen participation in further and higher education and, to that end, commits itself primarily to teaching and learning rather than research. It is a relatively large institution, with some 31,000 registered students in 1996 97, of whom 65 per cent were studying part-time, 64 per cent were women and 59 per cent were aged over 25. 48 per cent of students described themselves as non-white. 11 per cent of students were from non-UK EU countries, and 22 per cent were from countries outside the EU. An important feature of the University is that some 22 per cent of its students are seeking further education qualifications, for which the University is not the awarding body, and for which it bears no formal responsibility for the standards of the awards. Similarly, many of the vocationally-based undergraduate and postgraduate programmed are accredited by professional or statutory bodies, whose standards and quality criteria the University is obliged to meet. In some of these cases, however, the University itself has been accredited by the awarding body (for BTEC courses, for example) and thus has effective sole control of quality and standards. A further important feature of the University is the strength of commitment of its staff to the institutional mission. We were constantly struck by the way in which this permeated many of our meetings with staff at all levels, from the Vice-Chancellor to the most junior support staff. The mission is ambitious: given the remarkable variety of the student body, the University has set itself a very demanding objective in seeking to provide higher and further educational opportunities which are comparable in standard of outcome, as well as quality of experience, with the generality of higher education institutions in the UK. It is a tribute to the Universitys staff that its mission remains a source of inspiration despite the difficulties that many of them have experienced in recent years. Briefs of Aims and Objectives: Research Aim: University of Wales  was established long time back providing services to facilitate students in attaining better education at different levels. It is facing fierce competition from other universities in London. Preliminary research has indicated that students fail to make associations about the positioning about key benefits of the University over its competitors and cannot identify a unified identity. Therefore, the University clearly needs to position itself against competitors in order to remain attractive in the domestic and international market. Research Objectives: In order to satisfy the aim for which this research is being undertaken, following objectives need to be accomplished which will lead to provide us the clear view of current position of  University of Wales. To systematically collect data from current students about perception of University in relation to their competitors. To identify the needs and expectations of students from the University. To identify the current positioning of  University of Wales. To critically analyze the findings about current positioning. Depending on the analysis, to reinforce the current image of its brand. OR, to re-position the  University of Wales  image. Finding developments necessary for university to make in order to meet gaps in provision. Key Words:  Positioning; Target Market, Service; Higher Education; Research Question: Q1) what are the perceptions of students about the  University of Wales  in relation to competitors? Q2) what is the current positioning of the  University of Wales? Hypothesis Perception HO1:  University of Wales  has no effect on perception of students. H11:  University of Wales  has positive effect on student’s perception. Positioning H02:  University of Wales  has no effect on to attracting students. H12:  University of Wales  has positive effects on attracting students. Research Methodology: In order to accomplish the end objectives for which this research is being conducted, both qualitative and quantitative techniques will be used, which are discussed further. Data collection, both primary and secondary has been divided into two phases. Phase 1 constitutes exploratory research aiming to look for secondary data from different sources as well as qualitative method of conducting focus groups in order to gather primary data necessary for the next step. Phase 2 accompanies quantitative techniques in the form of survey to gather finalized results to be analyzed. Data Collection (Phase 1): Exploratory research is investigation informal studies to provide background information. It is not intended to provide conclusive evidence from which to follow a concrete direction, rather it provides a basis that subsequent research will be a requirement to achieve final results. The basic purpose behind exploratory research is to exhaust inexpensive readily available data which may help to prevent mistakes like rushing into expensive detailed surveys (Zikmund, 1997). Exploratory research can be conducted using various techniques. For our research objectives, and considering the mind in limitations, the most suitable are secondary data and focus groups. Secondary Data:  Also termed as holistic data previously collected for some project other than the one at hand. It is relatively inexpensive and readily available, but we need to make sure it is consistent with the problem definition as they are not designed for the purpose to serve research needs (Zikmund, 1997). External sources where we can gather secondary data for this research includes Libraries (Huge source of information including databases, books and periodicals, journal articles) British Library,  University of Wales  library , EBSCO database, Emerald Management full text database, Athens DA Resources etc. The Internet (Provides secondary data, authenticity is a bit doubtful but in many cases huge information can be acquired). Focus Groups:  The second step of phase 1 is conducting focus group which is a qualitative method of data gathering. It is an unstructured, free flowing interview with a small group of people. Focus groups are not rigidly structured; rather they are of a flexible discussion format. The moderator introduces the topic to the participants who in turn carry out the discussion and as this discussion progresses, new topics emerge. It freely allows the participants to truly reflect their feelings and emotions in their own words (Zikmund, 1997). The role of the moderator is to ensure that all members participate in the session and none dominates it. Though focus groups are the least expensive ways of gathering information; it should be kept in mind that data gathered from focus groups only provide qualitative information. Another limitation to them is that since the members are not selected scientifically, they may not truly reflect the opinions of the whole population at large. However, t he exploratory information collected through focus groups can be a basis for further scientific research. We will be conducting two focus groups of 6 students each. One group will contain a random sample from the international students and other from the domestic students. The objective of the focus groups is to generate further insights about students and the factors they might feel important to them in their ultimate decision of selecting a University. We may or may not come up with factors other than discussed earlier. There is no scientific method to analyze qualitative data. Therefore recording of the whole focus group discussion will be carried out which will help to reduce any risk of biases. Face expressions is a short coming, and it solely based on moderators interpretation. Data Collection (Phase 2): The second phase of collecting data is by gathering quantitative data by asking respondents to fill in the finalized self administered questionnaire. We have selected a sample size of 200 students purely based on judgment and keeping in mind the limitations of the study. However, if further we might feel that the sample size is not justified; further alterations may be carried out. Non probability sampling technique is one in which sample is selected on personal judgment or experience and the probability of any member from the population is not known and within that framework, we will be using Quota Sampling (Zikmund, 1997). Quota sampling is a procedure which ensures that all the sub groups present in the population will represent the sample to the extent on the desire of investigator. A logical drawback of quota sample is it tends to select people which are easily available therefore careful supervision is required in order to gather a true representative sample of the population. Obviously, the logic for using quota sampling for questionnaires is that we want student representing  University of Wales  from different geographical backgrounds and level of education to be part of the sample. Quota allocation is explained below: Total Sample = 200 100 International Students 100 Domestic Students 50 Post Graduate Students 50 Graduate Students 50 Post Graduate Students 50 Graduate Students 10 Students from each geographic division America’s Asia Europe Australia Africa’s 10 Students from each geographic division America’s Asia Europe Australia Africa’s Data Analysis: The number of questions in the final questionnaire is not known as yet since they will depend on the findings from the primary data from focus groups. However, a few sample questions are listed below (not necessarily the part of final questionnaire): Q: The achievements of the institution for you? Q: The  University of Wales  avenues for religious practices? Q: Stable political economy of the host country is important? The most appropriate technique for measuring the attitude of students’ for this research is through Likert scale which is a type on an ordinal scale. It is a bipolar attitude measurement technique most widely used which allows respondents to rate how strongly they agree or disagree with these carefully constructed statement. Therefore, for our research we will construct a 5 point Likert Scale ranging from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree and weights are assigned to answers accordingly. An example is shown below: Q: The achievements of the institution for you? Each dimension as mentioned will contain certain questions which will reflect the attitude towards the overall dimension. Therefore in order to achieve this, we will use the method of cross-tabulation. It is a technique for organizing data by groups, categories or classes facilitating comparison between them). For individual question, calculation of confidence interval will be conducted using the t distribution. This will help us in finding out attitude of students that how many respond favorably or unfavorably to a certain question. The results will be measured and analyzed with the help of most extensively used statistical software called SPSS. Once data is input, immediate reports are generated and there is no probability of human calculation error. Conclusion: The aspect of positioning university brands in students mind is an increasingly growing phenomenon and now a pre requisite for institutions to effectively compete in domestic and international markets. Options for students have proliferated at a progressive rate. Globalization and competitive employment environment at the same time have lead students to treat education as a return on investment in order to safeguard their careers. The research will help the  University of Wales  establish a unique position in relation to its competitor which is favorable to students. By doing so, it can develop an enhanced image and also attract more students for a higher market share. Also, as mentioned before there are not many studies providing positioning dimensions for universities. Therefore, our exploratory research might lead us to come up with additional dimensions which can be helpful for universities in future to use as a base for positioning strategy. Once a positioning strategy has been identified and adopted by  University of Wales  based on this research, future research may be conducted about its validity and may serve as a case study for future work. References: Aaker, D. A. Shansby, G. J (1982), ‘Positioning Your Product’  Business Horizon, May/Jun, 56-62. Blankson, C. and Kalafatis S. (1999), ‘Issues and challenges in the positioning of service brands: a review’,  Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 8, No 2, p 106 -118 Brown, J., Oplatka, I., (2006) ‘Universities in a competitive global marketplace: A systematic review of the literature on higher education marketing’, International Journal of Public Sector Management,  Vol. 19/4, 316-338 Cowell. D., (1989), ‘The Marketing of Services’, Heinemann, London. Gray. J, Fam. S, Llanes. A, (2003), ‘Branding Universities in Asian Markets’,  Journal of Product and Brand Management’, Vol. 12, No 2, p 108-120. Hirsch, R. (1976), ‘Social Limits to Growth, Harvard University Press’, Cambridge, MA Hooley, G.; Broderick, A.; Moller, K. (1998),  Ã¢â‚¬ËœCompetitive positioning and the resource-based view of the firm’,  Journal of Strategic Marketing, June, Vol. 6 Issue 2, p97-115 Ivy, J. (2001), â€Å"Higher education institution image: a correspondence analysis approach†,  International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 276-82 James, R., Baldwin, G. and McInnis. C, (1999), ‘Which University? The Factors Influencing Choices of Prospective  Undergraduates’, Evaluation and Investigations Programme, Higher Education Division, Australia. Kalafatis S., Tsogas M., and Blankson C., (2000), ‘Positioning Strategies in Business Markets’,  Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 5, No 6, p 416-437. Kotler, P. (2000), ‘Marketing management’, 10th ed., London: Prentice Hall Levitt T., (1981), ‘Marketing Intangible Products and Products Intangible’,  Harvard Business Review, May-June, p 94- 102 Maringe. F, (2006), ‘University and course choice Implications for positioning, recruitment and Marketing’,  International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 466-479 Mazzarol T., (1998), ‘Critical success factors for international education Marketing’,  International Journal of Educational Management, 12/4, 163–175 Naude P., and Ivy J., (1999) ‘The Marketing Strategies of Universities of in the United Kingdom’,  The International Journal of Educational Management, 13/3, p 126-134 Nguyen N. and Leblanc G. (2001), ‘Image and reputation of higher education institutions in students’ retention decisions’,  International Journal of Educational Management,  Volume 15, Issue 6, p 303 – 311 Porter, M. E. (1996), ‘What is Strategy?’  Harvard Business Review,  Nov-Dec, p61-78 Ries, A., Trout, J. (1986), ‘The Battle for your Mind’,  McGraw-Hill, Singapore Sekaran, U. (2003), ‘Research Methods for Business: A skill building approach’, John Wiley Sons, USA. University for Jobs (2007), extracted from University of Surrey Mission statement, available at: www.surrey.ac.uk (accessed 20 May 2007).

Voting Behaviour in Nigeria

Voting Behaviour in Nigeria ETHNICITY AND VOTING BEHAVIOUR IN NIGERIA ABSTRACT This paper tried to give a historical discourse about the relationship between ethnicity and voting behavior using Nigeria as its case study. Looking at the early evolution of Nigeria, after the amalgamation of both the northern and southern protectorates during the era of colonialism, one issue that has been mind boggling within the historic-socio-political discourse of Nigeria is the paradigm of ethnicity which many from the academia tend to see it as having a great impact in the way and manner elections are conducting which ultimately affects the voting pattern of the people as well. Using historic-descriptive method in which secondary data are mostly used in order to come up with this correlation between ethnicity and voting behaviour in Nigeria, the study noted that the former has significant impact in the way and manner political leaders are elected or recruited. Key Words: Ethnicity, Voting behaviour, Elections, Nigeria, Ethnic, Elites. INTRODUCTION: Ethnicity has been said to have had significant influence in the voting behaviour of individuals. This is mostly recorded in Africa and some part of Asia, where people tend to vote those who will govern them based on certain pseudo-socio and cultural make up. Hence this study will try to study the causal relationship between ethnicity which will be the independent variable and voting behaviour which is said to be the dependent variable and Nigeria will be the country used as the case for this study. According to scholars, ethnicity defines inequalities in our societies which is crucial to capture ethnic identities. Its attempts lead to influence the behaviors of others and the course of events in the organization in order to protect their self-interests, main priority is their own needs. For instance a voter would have to been of age, a citizen, had to be registered to vote and once their qualifications have been met. Then you have the honor to voting. Expanding on these ideas people assume that there candidate will just win even without leading their vote, which means if you do not vote don’t have the right to criticize your leaders. Political efficiency can be defined as one time influence and effectiveness on politics. So the lack of political efficiency is the thought that won’t make a difference. And to widen their own goals. Behaviour may be seen as political. Naming behavior as political, instead, usually implies a judgment that certain people are gaining so mething at the expense of others or the institution/organization as a whole. However a balance understanding of political behaviour and its consequence is needed. People seem to be self-centered and biased when crested actions as political behaviour. Employees may justify their own political behavior as defending legitimate rights or interests, yet call similar behavior by others ‘playing politics.’ RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The study seeks to ask the following research questions: How has ethnicity been able to influence voting behaviour? Are political parties ethnically aligned so as to influence voting behaviour? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: It is the desire of this study to be able to achieve the following objectives: To explain the causal relationship between ethnicity and voting behaviour pattern. To also know whether ethnic factors tend to affect voting pattern of individuals in the study. As an academic exercise it is the desire of the study to contribute to existing literature about the subject matter which is the causal relationship between ethnicity and voting behaviour. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: In other to come up with a causal relationship between these two variables, the study will rely on secondary data through which secondary sources such as books, articles, journals, reports from other think tank centers like freedom house, afro-barometer etc. in order to explain the correlation between these two variables. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: To examine the extent to which ethnicity can influence voting behavior in Nigerians the study has come up with the following hypothetical statements: H1- Whether Ethnicity influences voting behavior (Thesis Statement) H2- If it does not influence voting behavior (Anti-Thesis Statement) CONCEPTUALIZATION AND OPERATIONALIZATION OF TERMS: Ethnicity: Can be seen as synonyms of races because the usual idea is biological category inherited from generation to generation. Ethnicity is a basic form of identity, talking about were your ancestors came from and ethnicity can be seen as a cultural trade, believes and language, or a group of people who share a common history, language, culture, ethnicity is really culture component that people share and has been developed as identity over time. Also ethnicity refers to shared cultural practices that set apart one group of people from another. Voting Behavior According to ‘Juma’ (2011:22) explains voting behaviour as a set of attitudes and beliefs towards elections at the national as well as, at the local level. They are basically three source political scientist look at in order to analyse why people or voter behave the way they do, why they vote the way they do and why they chose the parties that they do; looking at the result of the election (seeing whose voting for what or women/men voting or generation voting for what) survey work ahead doing some studies of political socialization which is the process by which people gain their political attitudes, political opinions of growing up process and how you want to be the people you are LÄ °TERATURE REVÄ °EW: The study will try to examine what other scholars have written about the two variables, i.e. Ethnicity and Voting behaviour. Ethnicity: Borrowing from Balliber and Wallerstein, who tried to examine the concept of ethnicity in their work regarding the theory of state formation, Bonila Silva, looked at the term ethnicity as a process where by one assert certain distinct attribute aimed at creating and achieveing a sense of communal way of life in the society. While Barth F. sees ethnicity as a situation in which people that live in a distinct community tend to create a distinct identity that differentiates them from other categories of people in the society as well. Horowitz, (1985) note that ethnicity is the core principle of politics within a state which either challenge or serve as a medium of cohesion amongst states in order to reduce the inherent tension within the international system. According Horowitz, ethnicity exerts a strong direct impact on electoral behavior in ethnically-segmented societies, through generating a long-term psychological sense of party loyalty anchoring citizens to parties, where casting a vote becomes an expression of group identity. By implications, other social divisions become subsumed as secondary to ethnicity. VOTING BEHAVIOUR: According to â€Å"Juma â€Å"(2011:22), the term voting behaviour, connotes a collection of attitudes, values and beliefs in which individuals of a given society have towards elections both at the local, national and international level. While Harrop and Miller, using a constructivist paradigm, explained voting behaviour as a pattern of political participation mostly taking place in democratic societies where people react to certain laid down values, principles and beliefs how they choose their leaders. These set of beliefs could be based on age, sex, ethnicity, religion and education. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK: In order for this study to be able to explain the causal relationship between ethnicity and voting behaviour, the study will adopt the theory of constructivism in order to be able to study this synergy between both the independent and dependent variables. This theory tries to analyse events, issues and phenomena via a sociological perspective and socio-cultural vantage point. Relating this theory to my study, since both variables tend to toe towards studying socio-cultural phenomena, the study would look at how this variants of ethnicity affects voting behaviour. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: This is the aspect of the study where the researcher will try to test his hypothesis in order to determine the degree of causality between his variables using relevant secondary data as well as information from think-tanks that can be able to measure his variables. After the analysis the researcher will be able to either vilify or corroborate his hypothesis. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION: This is the last phase of the study, where the researcher will be able to come out with a testable statement and conclusion about the findings of his research, make recommendations where necessary and also make suggestions for further study. Drawing from the available data largely drawn from the reports of ‘Afro-barometer’ and ‘Freedom house’, there seem to be a causal relationship between ethnicity and voting behaviour in Nigeria. This is usually attributed to the diverse nature of the Nigerian society in which there are over 450 local languages, in which each ethnic group, wants a stake in the body polity. This ethnic divisions, played a latent role even in the composition of the various political parties in the country in which right from independence to date, none of the political parties actually, have a national outlook, but rather they are all structured and are operated towards ethnic and religious lines. Thus, with this type of party structures in the society, the ‘ethnic’ factor most often influenced, voter’s choice, because most Nigerians, tend to opt for candidates that represent their ethnic origin rather than vote based on merit, ability or to a candidate that w ould provide the needed dividends of good governance. REFERENCES: Allen, H. (2007), How do rules and institutions encourage vote buying, In Schaffer, (2007), The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying, Lyinne Reiner Publishers, Colorado. Brusco, M. et al. (2004), Vote Buying in Argentina, Latin American Research Review, vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 65-88. Ibrahim, J. (2007), Nigeria’s 2007 Elections: The fitful Path to Democracy, Institute for Peace, Washington D.C. Ifidon, (2003), Transition from Democracy in Nigeria: Toward a Pre-emptive Analysis, African Journal of Political Science, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 109-128. Jega, A. (2007), Elections and the future of Democracy in Nigeria, NPSA, Lagos. Michael, B. Lewis, P. (2007), The Durability of Political Goods: Evidence from Nigeria’s New Democracy, Cambridge University Press, New York. Michael B. (2007), Who Votes? Implications for new democracies, available at: http://www.globalbarometer.net/publication.htm accessed: 30th April, 2014.

There Are No Children Here - If I Grow Up Essay -- There are No Childr

There Are No Children Here - If I Grow Up  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      "If I grow up, I'd like to be a bus driver." If -- not when. Sentiments like this echo hauntingly through the pages of Alex Kotlowitz's account of his two-year documentation of the lives of two brothers, Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers. The boys are afforded little happiness and too much grief, trying to survive from day to day in their appartment at the crime-ridden Henry Horner Homes housing project on the outskirts of Chicago. When Kotlowitz approached the boys' mother, LaJoe, about writing the book about her children, she agreed with him, but felt the need to set him straight. "But you know, there are no chlidren here. They've seen too much to be children," LaJoe told Kotlowitz. Lajoe moved to Horner when she was a young girl with her family of thirteen. The family had been living in a flat above a church that lacked adequate heating and frequently rang of organ music from the church below. Hearing of the newly finshed public housing projects for financially disadvantaged families, LaJoe's parents packed up the family and moved to one of the new buildings. When the family first arrived in their new home, they could not believe their eyes. It looked like a palace. Outside there were yellow flowers and lamp posts. The exterior of the building was made of sturdy, dark-red brick. Inside, the walls were a pristine white, with shiney linoleum floors. A new range and refrigerator awaited in the kitchen. It seemed like a dream to them -- until it all came crashing down. One of Lajoe's sisters was found strangled in the family's bathtub. Then, upon hearing the news of his sisters death, one of Lajoe's brothers had a heart attack and died. LaJoe's parents packed up soon ... ...sing the possibility of suing her husband for child support with someone. As for the analysis of the book itself, although the author aims toward providing a chronicle of two years in the lives of the two brothers, he actually ends up writing more about their mother. He discusses LaJoe's parents, how they met and married and why they moved to Horner. He depicts LaJoe as an extremely kind-hearted yet tough woman who will do anything to help not only her own family, but all the neighborhood children as well. LaJoe feeds and cares for many of the neighborhood children. For this, she is rare and special in an environment of black mothers who are prostitutes and drug addicts. She sticks by her children when most mothers would be ashamed and disown them. I finished this book feeling a great deal of respect and admiration for LaJoe and everytihg she went through.    There Are No Children Here - If I Grow Up Essay -- There are No Childr There Are No Children Here - If I Grow Up  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      "If I grow up, I'd like to be a bus driver." If -- not when. Sentiments like this echo hauntingly through the pages of Alex Kotlowitz's account of his two-year documentation of the lives of two brothers, Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers. The boys are afforded little happiness and too much grief, trying to survive from day to day in their appartment at the crime-ridden Henry Horner Homes housing project on the outskirts of Chicago. When Kotlowitz approached the boys' mother, LaJoe, about writing the book about her children, she agreed with him, but felt the need to set him straight. "But you know, there are no chlidren here. They've seen too much to be children," LaJoe told Kotlowitz. Lajoe moved to Horner when she was a young girl with her family of thirteen. The family had been living in a flat above a church that lacked adequate heating and frequently rang of organ music from the church below. Hearing of the newly finshed public housing projects for financially disadvantaged families, LaJoe's parents packed up the family and moved to one of the new buildings. When the family first arrived in their new home, they could not believe their eyes. It looked like a palace. Outside there were yellow flowers and lamp posts. The exterior of the building was made of sturdy, dark-red brick. Inside, the walls were a pristine white, with shiney linoleum floors. A new range and refrigerator awaited in the kitchen. It seemed like a dream to them -- until it all came crashing down. One of Lajoe's sisters was found strangled in the family's bathtub. Then, upon hearing the news of his sisters death, one of Lajoe's brothers had a heart attack and died. LaJoe's parents packed up soon ... ...sing the possibility of suing her husband for child support with someone. As for the analysis of the book itself, although the author aims toward providing a chronicle of two years in the lives of the two brothers, he actually ends up writing more about their mother. He discusses LaJoe's parents, how they met and married and why they moved to Horner. He depicts LaJoe as an extremely kind-hearted yet tough woman who will do anything to help not only her own family, but all the neighborhood children as well. LaJoe feeds and cares for many of the neighborhood children. For this, she is rare and special in an environment of black mothers who are prostitutes and drug addicts. She sticks by her children when most mothers would be ashamed and disown them. I finished this book feeling a great deal of respect and admiration for LaJoe and everytihg she went through.   

The Death of a Moth Essay -- Literary Analysis, Virginia Woolf

What started out as an ordinary day turned out to be one if the worst tragedies in the history of Bangladesh – the fire at Nimtoli in Dhaka. I sat in shock as I saw the news reports of the tragic incident showing numerous buildings on fire burning mercilessly, people running in havoc with no idea where loved ones are and yet others trapped inside the buildings, screaming, being burned alive. However, nothing seemed to have any effect on the ruthless fire which kept on burning, claiming as many lives as it could, turning a deaf ear to the desperate cries of hundreds of people. The blazing flames simply devoured everything in their path, burning them to ash. It finally subsided in the early hours of dawn, but the damage it left behind was monumental – piles of debris and dead bodies scattered in buildings which were burned charcoal black. As the police and firemen recovered countless bodies from the ruins, I wondered about the strange nature of life and death. In her essay, â€Å"The Death of a Moth†, Virginia Woolf contemplates how life and death are separated by a single thread of â€Å"energy† and how eventually the force of death snaps the thread, overpowering life and proving its superior strength (385). Woolf reflects how life and death are two mutually exclusive forces of nature, yet they are intertwined by the law of nature itself. In the essay, Woolf observes a moth, an â€Å"insignificant creature† at his attempts to â€Å"[enjoy] his meager opportunities† of a particularly vibrant morning bustling with life, energy and activity (385). However the moth is soon faced with a force which Woolf deems to be far superior to life’s energy. It is a force â€Å"which would, had it chosen, have submerged an entire city, not merely a city, but masses of hu... .... They are also echoed by humans in an attempt to delay death. However, as Woolf claims, death indeed is the ultimate destination of all living things. It is how we reach that destination that matters the most. All rational living creatures â€Å"diverge ever more widely from [their] original course of life and to make ever more complicated detours before reaching [their] final aim of death† (Freud 32). Robert Frost in his poem â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† writes: â€Å"Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold.† The fact that life is a â€Å"hue† that we want to hold questions Woolf’s supposed claims; if death is indeed the stronger force of nature and life the weaker, then why do all living beings choose the weaker force? Perhaps there is a force stronger than the force of life and death, one that governs life and death, and that I believe is the force of nature.

Improving Writing Needs Essay

Similarly, there had been many studies that seek to show on how to improve the overall capabilities of individual writing particularly among international students. One example is the contribution of Petersen wherein she addressed the needs of international students as far as writing is concerned. She made emphasis on the idea of reaching out and helping international students cope with the challenges of writing. â€Å"If all of us give common messages to international students, making our expectations explicit, we may be able to help them reach higher levels of proficiency in American academic English sooner. † (Petersen, 2008) One of the challenges presented by Petersen as far as student writing is concerned involves international students’ difficulty in coping with timed writing assignments and essays. â€Å"As the complexity of the thinking involved in the task increases and the processing time decreases, grammatical and syntactical forms the student can normally control tend to break down. † (Petersen, 2008) Due to this, the teacher must create effective strategies to enhance writing but at the same time maintaining the challenge of time constraints in the activity. This is just one of the problems elaborated by Petersen in her article. By being constantly aware of these challenges and anticipating the occurrence of the problem, teachers and educators can have an active and firm stand in increasing the competency of international students in the realm of writing. Enhancing Reading Skills Another important facet in the facilitation of education is reading. For students to fully acquire and develop the skills that are given to them in the classroom, effective reading must be made. However, this may seem to be a problem of international students as the pace and degree of learning is halted or slowed due to several constraints. Due to this, teachers must create active scenarios that will enhance student reading capabilities particularly among international students. The study of Brassell and Furtado examines the way vocabulary can serve as a hindrance in the development of better reading for non-English students. These barriers can serve as an impediment for learning and enhancement of information. â€Å"Many barriers prevent English as Second Language learner from grasping new vocabulary, but one of the biggest challenge is the minimal time teachers devote to vocabulary instruction. † (Brassell and Furtado, 2008, p. 110) Several facets of the English language remain to be difficult for international students to understand. By actually helping international students become aware of these and minimizing such occurrence inside the classroom, they can be able to adopt, enhance and develop their reading skills which are necessary in their education. â€Å"Beyond providing students with lots of interesting books, teachers should facilitate a variety of vocabulary activities for their students. † (Brassell and Furtado, 2008, p. 115) Conclusion With these, personal involvement may be a good approach in further enhancing the realm of developing reading and writing skills. International students deserve extra care and attention for they are still adjusting to the current trends of the educational environment. â€Å"Student perceived issues do not always match educator-perceived issues; nevertheless, eliciting information from the students allows them to become part of the solution. † (Lee, 1997, p. 100) It is therefore necessary for every teacher and educational institution to create efficient and effective scenarios that will cater to the needs of international students. By doing these things, the welfare of international students are taken into consideration. Different methods and schemes may have been in place, the action now goes back to educational institutions and teachers to actively take part in the process of developing skills needed by students to actively combat the challenges brought about by society. References Arkoudis, S.(2006) Teaching International Students: Strategies to Enhance Learning in Centre for the Study of Higher Education. [online] Retrieved May 12, 2008 from http://www. cshe. unimelb. edu. au/pdfs/international. pdf Brassell, D. and Furtado, L. (2008) Enhancing English as a Second Language Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge in The Reading Matrix. 8 no. 1 [online] Retrieved May 12, 2008 from http://www. readingmatrix. com/articles/brassell_furtado/article. pdf Koffolt, K. and Holt, S. L. (1997) Using the â€Å"Writing Process† with Non-Native Users of English in New Directions for Teaching and Learning. no. 70 Retrieved May 12, 2008. pp. 53-61 Lee, D. S. (1997) What Teachers Can Do to Relieve Problems Identified by International Students in New Directions for Teaching and Learning. no. 70. Retrieved May 12, 2008. pp. 93-102. Nelson, G. L. (1997) How Cultural Differences Affect Written and Oral Communication: The Case of Peer Response Groups in New Directions for Teaching and Learning. no. 70. Retrieved May 12, 2008. pp. 77-85 Petersen, L. (2008) Writing Needs of International Students. Retrieved May 12, 2008 from http://www. cgu. edu/pages/949. asp

Changes in technology Essay

Technology enhances orbicularization. In past 2 decades, technology burst out standardised an explosion, definitely, the improvements of technology make our lives much more than convenience. And, the advanced technology in microprocessors, net income, and window pane enable the propagateing out of globalization. Hill, C., (2001) verbalise Globalization has two briny components the globalization of markets and the globalization of product. In different words, the ever-changing in technology would lead to an specify on globalization of markets and globalization of production.The wide use in microprocessors and telecommunications increasing the summation of information being transferred, but cut down its cost. This is very helpful in encounter markets. The opportunities for companies to expend assembly linees are raised, due to plummeting in global communication cost. Updated data mountain be collected, and monitoring overseas markets vogue would become easier. Moreove r, population of using meshing grows continuously since 1995 (Hill, C., 2001). This helps to create a global audience advertisings are not limit by geographic region anymore. Products brush aside sold at overseas, such as Hill, C. (2001) pointed out customer brush off demoralise Levis jeans in Paris McDonalds restaurant located in Tokyo. And, the cost of back breaker plummeted, due to the revolutionized in transportation business, also helpful for expansion of business. Manufacturers can transport products at a deject cost and in a shorter clip.As the trendy of globalization of production, cultivable activities spread out over the world, invention and widely use of microprocessors and Internet help supervisor to control the productive activities, and easier to communication to other in the process. The dispersal of production, for instance Hewlett-Packard obscure its operations activities to different places, but trim cost at the same time (Hill, C. 2001). As the decre asing cost in transportation, many businesses move their manufacturing plants to nations that provide cheaper birthday suit materials and nature resources, in order to change magnitude their production cost.Summering the above points, the three main changes in technology (microprocessors, Internet, and transportation) adopt a great supportive tothe globalization of markets and production. If the humiliate cost of communication does not exist, quite a little around the world would not have so many chances to connect with others and business would not be willing to localize money to widen their markets. If the world without Internet and the World Wide Web, deal susceptibility not able to get the about updated information, the production skills cannot be improved and productive activities cannot be shared.Without the convenience transportation system, customer and provider would not connect each(prenominal) other products cannot transfer to overseas market. Therefore, people would lose the opportunities to enjoy different products from each(prenominal) around the world. Finally, markets from different countries should not be merged together, and the production process should not spread out. Thats why the technology essential and enhance globalization.The above assignment is coming from the resources of Hill, C., Globalization, International Business, 2001, third ed, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.

342 – Support Positive Risk Taking For Individuals

unit 4222-342Support despotic(p) pretend fetching for most wizards (HSC 3066) exit 1Understand the importance of peril pic mobgs in day-to-day brio story 1. beg off-key slip way of life in which chance is an integral phonation of everyday lifeFor mevery an(prenominal) con cut across jeopardize is an certain class of everyday life. each day twistuateivities a lot(prenominal) as catching the bus, travelling on holiday, acting footb exclusively, setting up stand and starting a family all in all carry some element of put on the line. luck exemplifys a part in our wellness, gumshoety, shelter, well-organism, employment, education, daily activities, using resources and equipment and in community meshing.But some adults, for example dis satisfactory mint or older passel, be practically discouraged from fetching run a encounters. Traditionally they argon non encouraged to scud bumps in heavenss such as bud get d knowlight-emitting diode ge toing, supplying, employment and daily living skills. This whitethorn be either beca utilise up of their perceived limitations or fear that they or others might be harmed. Everyone has a even off on to discover adventures and read finales almost their detains. on that point is a counter difference to be put up amidst assistance exploiters participation in everyday activities and your commerce of carry on.Changes in complaisant billing and health insurance policy look upon that all adults are universe actively encouraged to increase their independence by, for example, travelling one by one, and by being spaciousy related in mainstream fiat through and through and through with(predicate) education, work and leisure. It is im viewable ever to fully extend run a arrest a chance. It is however possible to minimise and sterilize for essay by vetoative action. To turn turn up citizenry to inhabit independently or to travel independently or dramatize part in everyday activities heart and soul accepting that in that respect are need a chances that flowerpot non be avoided save discharge be minimised and prepared for.2. Explain wherefore soulfulnesss whitethorn pack been discouraged or prevented from fetching lay on the lines.For disabled pack, a move off from a medical model to a fond model of dis might now nitty-gritty that at that place is an emphasis on the discrimination and exclusion created by loving and cultural barriers. For some serve, altermentes to venture convey water a crap in the past been c erstrned with avoiding probablely bruising situations to renovation users and round. mountain may compulsion to start essayinesss to arrive at their aspirations simply tidy sum who consume aver roll in the hay be discouraged from winning risks.This may be because of their perceived limitations or because of fear that they or others might be harmed, resulting in criticism or compensation cl pushs. A more than compulsory go around to risk is now being developed, recognising that in asset to potentially negative characteristics, risk pickings so-and-so arrest verifying bene assembles for mortals, alter them to do things which n proterozoic good deal income tax return for granted. danger flock be beneficial, balancing necessary levels of vindication with preserving causationable levels of pickax and incorporate.A relaxation has to be succeedd between the wishes of those who use run and the common truth indebtedness of bursting charge.3. Describe the cogitate between risk- winning and duty, empowerment and social inclusion. soulfulnessalised wish well is for everyone, merely some plurality rear get hold of more documentation up than others to wanton pickings about how they live their lives. Everyone has the well(p) to soulfulnessalised care and as much(prenominal) prime(prenominal) and control as possible. As the yard on somebodyalisation is picked up it is necessary to ensure that this implicates the c retreat vulnerable members of our fellowship, including those who may lack skill.With telling someonealisation comes the need to eradicate risk for mass to subscribe purposes as arcticly as possible. qualification risks clear and dumb is crucial to empowering service users and carers, recognising people as experts in their cause lives. danger management does non mean trying to eliminate risk. It means managing risks to maximise peoples choice and control over their lives. authoritative empowerment means that people might make decisions service letrs disagree with.If the resultant roles are part of the brave end and all risks yield been fully debateed and infrastood, this deal lead to real choice and control and a bust select of life for the private. With concur for coercive risk taking it force out facilitate the single togain self-confidence- contactment, development, new skills and treasureledgedevelop skills-goals setting, new activities, incite fetch an active part in their community-involvement, participation, inclusionOutcome 2Understand the importance of a demonstrable, somebody-centred advent to risk discernment . pardon the impact of developing a cocksure somebody-centred advent to risk opinion Every opportunity contains risks a life without risk, is a life without opportunities, often without quality and without change. Traditional method actings of risk assessment are full of charts and scoring systems, but the person, their objectives, dreams and life seem to get forgotten. A person centred court focussing on the persons counterbalances to shit the lifestyle that they chose, including the advanced to make full-grown decisions.It is about helping people and those who care about them, say in a positive and productive way in companionship to achieve the changes they want while keeping the issue of risk in its place. Risk management is purpose a balance between positive risk taking found on autonomy and independence and a policy of protection for the person and the community found on minimising harm. Bates and Silberman give a list of 7 criteria that all such memory access would ingest to fulfil, these being fight of Service Users and Relatives in Risk Assessment. overbearing and Informed Risk Taking. residual.Contextualising demeanor.defendable Decision Making.A tuition Culture. equal Risks. .2. let off how to apply the principles and methods of a person-centred advance to each of the distinct stages of the movement of risk assessment works in a in the flesh(predicate)ised way and developing a positive person-centred uprise means accepting there are risks that derriere non be avoided but which corporation be prepared for.Reasonable risk is about striking a balance in empowering people with moderate ineluctably to make choices ensuring that the person has all the entropy, tailored to their situation proposition ask, in the appropriate format, to make their top hat decisions Involvement of service users and relatives in risk assessment Involving the person concerned and the people that care about them approximately is one of the most funda intellectual tenets of any person centred orgasm.The process uses the Relationship Circle to help the person and their assort severalize depict people who could form the persons whirligig of jut out. This group of people is have-to doe with from the outset, in the initial gatheringing of development, in the framing of what the risk down the stairs discussion actually is, in idea that generates ideas and solutions, in evaluating these solutions, in decision making around the risk, in implementing the actions and in the culture that gos place during these actions.Staff essential insure what service users and others want, how they view their own risks and what responsibilities each person has in managing risks effectively. The Person Centred Approach meets this by request for a clear picture of what the person wishes to achieve, why this is grievous to the person, what success would look kindred, a bill of the risk and uses the doughnut tool and decision making intellect tools to look at staff roles and responsibilities, and at who leave behind be responsible for polar historic decisions in relation to the risk. Positive and certain risk taking The process is built around a positive view of the person it set abouts to learn what the persons gifts and skills are, what people like and admire about them, as well as investigating what would be necessary to keep them and others safe while taking the risk. The process is based on finding creative solutions instead than simply ruling things out.Bates and Silberman argue here that quality of life should be maximised while people and communities are kept as safe as tidy sum be middling expect at bottom a free society Thinking around what it would push back to keep the person and others safe while taking the risk is a key part of the Positive and Productive Process, as is the use of the Happy/Safe grid, which looks at how much solutions would make the person happy, by meeting what is of the essence(predicate) to them, and how much they would keep them and others safe, by meeting what is meaning(a) for them. unmatchable section of the process complicates a question What does the law say? enabling the process to be apprised by the current law, including legislation such as the tender-hearted undecomposeds bite. Proportionality The management of the risk essential match the gravity of potential harm apply the person centred thinking tools means flexibility. The more up reclaim the issue, the more people and the more time good deal be spent considering it in greater detail. unlike conventional risk assessment, the progression explores the consequences of NOT taking the risk, to the person, to their family, community and work, balancing these once against the potential consequences of taking the risk. Contextualising Behaviour why did the person be pay off in this way? At this time? In this Situation? initiate of the process involves gathering together old discipline about the person, including a history of the persons experience of the risk issue from their own perspective, as well as other historical data, gleaned from a variety of sources including reading logs which look at what has worked and what has not worked in particular situations, and communication charts which explore a persons words and behaviours, desire their meanings and considering what the best reaction to these messages should be.The 4+1 Questions (What turn over we tried? what have we learned? What are we fortunate about? what are we concerned about? ) help not lonesome(prenominal) to gain an pictureing of a persons behaviour in antithetic contexts, but in addition to s atiate a leak a picture of what has been learned about what is the best financing for that person. Defensible Decision Making there is an explicit and soundifiable rationale for the risk management decisions Following the person centred hail generates a clear trail of written records of what has been discussed, the different perspectives, issues and solutions that have been considered, along with any ratified issues, such as the benevolent rights act or the mental health act that might affect the risk decision. The compositionwork generated during the process provides a clear rationale for why the decisions that come out during the process have been interpreted, and why other options have been rejected.The rationale for decision making is overly more clearly expounded and recorded than in traditional risk assessment forms in common usage. A Learning Culture The positive and productive approach to risk has a deep emphasis within it on ongoing tuition using learning and brood ing tools like the learning log, the 4+1 Questions and Whats Working/Whats not works, and by clearly defining for staff their core duties and their zone of appraisal and creativity in relation to the risk.If it is part of a serious and conjunctive attempt by run to change their philosophical system and perpetrate in a person centred direction, it can contribute significantly to building a learning culture within organisations. Tolerable Risks A key aspect of the Person Centred Approach is that it uses creative thinking techniques around methods to mitigate the risk and improve quality of life, moving from situations which make the person happy but unsafe, to where they and the community are safer, and from strategies where the person is safe but unhappy, to where they can be happier.Experience of using the process is that it enables participants to think a more balanced and rational approach to risk, finding ship canal to enable the person to achieve what is important to them w hile considering what keeps that person and the community safe in a way that makes sense for that various(prenominal). 3. let off how a service think approach to risk assessment would differ from a person centred approach A risk assessment can alone identify the probability of harm, assess the impact of it on the somebodys, and pose intervention strategies which may diminish the risk or reduce the harm.Assessments cannot prevent risk. Risk is a approach pattern and often beneficial part of everyday life, but while it enables learning and understanding, in the eccentric of potentially destructive consequences it may need to be monitored and restricted. Traditional methods of risk assessment are full of charts and scoring systems, but the person, their objectives, dreams and life seem to get lost somewhere in the pages of tick boxes and statistics. A service focused approach seeks to avoid all risks as far as possible.Staff would be expected to behave and act in a synchronized w ay with discovers risk, not taking into account the one-on-ones wishes. It has no flexibility and is not a responsive approach to meet peoples ever-changing circumstances. A service centred approach to risk assessment would be guided by a standard procedure and can agree individuals rights to make choices and take risks. Often concerns about minimising and attempting to eliminate risks are in the interests of the organisation, but not needfully in the interests of the person they are attempting to advocate.A person centred approach seeks to focus on peoples rights to have the lifestyle that they chose, including the right to make bad decisions. Person centred planning, requires that staff have a flexible and responsive approach to meet peoples changing circumstances, guided by the principles of good planning rather than a standard procedure. Staff need to be constantly problem solving in union with the person and their family and friends. Person centred planning seeks to develo p a better, grantd understanding of the person and her situation.A person centred approach to risk taking go out find the balance between what is important to the person, their aspirations and the supports that they require. 4. identify the consequences for individuals of a service focused approach to risk-assessment. Risk is a normal and often beneficial part of everyday life. Risk taking can have positive benefits for individuals, enabling them to do things which most people take for granted. part risk taking enables learning and understanding, in the typeface of potentially destructive consequences, it may need to be monitored and restricted.The problem with a service focused approach to risk assessment, is it reduces an individuals independence and can reduce the positive benefits for the individual. A service focused approach to risk taking tends to have a negative focus on what the individual is not able to do or what they cannot achieve and has a limited outlook on identi fying the benefits of positive, person-centred risk assessment. It does not empower the individual or encourage independence.Outcome 3Understand the legal and policy framework underpinning an individuals right to make decisions and take risks . explain how legislation, national and topical anaesthetic anesthetic policies and management provide a framework for decision making which can support an individual to have control over their own lives There are many Legislation and policies which promote the human rights of individuals which support the individuals right to make their own decisions and to take risks. Some are as follows The equating mold 2010 is the law which bans unfair give-and-take and helps achieve equal opportunities in the workplace and in wider society.The act replaced previous anti-discrimination laws with a single act to make the law simpler and to remove inconsistencies. This makes the law easier for people to understand and comply with. Theact alike strength ened protection in some situations. Theact covers nine defend characteristics, which cannot be used as a reason to treat people unfairly. Every person has one or more of the protected characteristics, so theact protects everyone against unfair treatment. They protected characteristicsareAge Disabilitygender reassignmentmarriage and courtly partnershippregnancy and maternityracereligion or beliefsexsexual orientationHuman Rights Act 1998 The Human Rights Act means that residents of the United Kingdom go away now be able to seek help from the courts if they believe that their human rights have been infringed. It is likely that anyone functional within health and social care testament be works within the pro trance of the Human Rights Act, which guarantees the following rightsThe Right to life The right to granting immunity from torture and stale or degrading penaltyThe right to freedom from slavery, servitude and laboured or compulsory labourThe right to familiarity and sec urity of personThe right to a fair and public effort within a reasonable timeThe right to freedom from retrospective shepherds crook law and no punishment without lawThe right to respect for private and family life, home and correspondenceThe right to freedom of thought, conscience and religionThe right to freedom of expressionThe right to freedom of assembly and associationThe right to marry and found a familyThe prohibition of discrimination in the economic consumption of convention rightsThe right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions and protection of propertyThe right to access to an educationThe right to free electionsThe right not to be subjected to the death penalty kind efficacy Act 2005 The MCA applies to England and Wales. The primary purpose of the MCA is to promote and safeguard decision-making within a legal framework.It does this in two waysBy empowering people to make decisions for themselves wherever possible and by protecting people who lack capacity by providi ng a flexible framework that places individuals at the heart of the decision making processBy standing people to plan ahead for a time in the afterlife when they might lack the capacity for any number of reasons Mental Capacity and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards 2005.The safeguards provide a framework for approving the privation of shore leave for people who lack the capacity to consent to treatment or care in either a hospital or are home that, in their own best interests, can only be provided in circumstances that amount to a deprivation of shore leave. The safeguards legislation contains detailed requirements about when and how deprivation of liberty may be authorised. It provides for an assessment process that must be undertaken before deprivation of liberty may be authorised and detailed executements for renewing and contest the authorisation of deprivation of liberty. The Code of Practice contains guidance on the deprivation of liberty safeguards.It is particularly mean to provide guidance for headmasters involved in administering and delivering the safeguards, who are under a duty to have regard to the Code. The Code is as well intended to provide nurture for people who are, or could function, subject to the deprivation of liberty safeguards, and for their families, friends and carers, as well as for anyone who believes that individual is being deprived of their liberty unlawfully. Mental Health Act 2007 amends the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005.It introduces significant changes which include trigger of Supervised Community Treatment. This new power replaces manage discharge with a power to return the diligent to hospital, where the person may be forcibly medicated, if the music regime is not being complied with in the community.Redefining lord roles broadening the range of mental health professionals who can be responsible for the treatment of patients without their consent.Nearest relative making it possi ble for some patients to appoint a obliging partner as nearest relative. Definition of mental disorder introduce a new translation of mental disorder throughout the Act, abolishing previous categoriesCriteria for leave behinding commitment introduce a requirement that someone cannot be detained for treatment unless appropriate treatment is usable and remove the treatability test.Mental Health Review Tribunal (MHRT) improve patient safeguards by taking an order-making power which go away allow the current time limit to be varied and for automatic referral by hospital managers to the MHRT. presentation of independent mental health advocates (IMHAs) for qualifying patients.Electroconvulsive Therapy may not be given to a patient who has capacity to refuse consent to it, and may only be given to an incapacitated patient where it does not conflict with any advance directive, decision of a donee or deputy or decision of the Court of Protection. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 is in rejoinder to the Bichard Inquiry 2005, into the failings around the Ian Huntley parapraxis.The SVG act is intended to prevent unsuitable people from working with vulnerable people and to better current vetting and barring practices. The act sets out a legal framework for the Independent Safeguarding chest (ISA) scheme which was to be introduced in 2009 (but is currently under surveil as a result of the 2010 oecumenic Election). Valuing People (Department of Health, 2001) was the root Government White writing on learning disabilities in England for 30 years.It stresses the important role that Person Centred Planning can lean in helping people with learning gruellingies take charge of their own lives. The Guidance (Department of Health, 2002) stressed that Person Centred Planning is not a professional practise done to people instead people themselves and their friends, families or other allies, must lead it. However, professional serve still have an enormous role to reanimate in responding in a more person centred way to people with learning difficulties. For 2009 -10 the key priorities include to ensure that the Personalisation agenda is embedded within all topical anesthetic authority services and developments for people with learning disabilities and their family carers, and is underpinned by person centred planning. Valuing People Now, is the refresh of this white paper in 2009 and is a new three-year strategy for people with learning disabilities (2009), DH and clearly state that good person centred planning should be happening, and go forth lead to better lives for people. move People First A shared vision and commitment to the transformation of Adult Social Care (2007), Department of Health. In the UK the government policy Putting People First stated that person centred planning must become mainstream. Putting People First recognises that person-centred planning and self-directed support are central to delivering personalisation and maximise choice and control. In 2010 guidance was issued to help councils use person centred thinking and planning to deliver the personalisation agenda.Putting People First is a public service reform programme, which is co-produced, co-developed and will be co- respectd. It recognises that to achieve real change, users and carers must participate at every stage. This marks a change in status of people who use services, from consumers to co-producers. set out quadruple areas on which councils and their partners should focus in order to personalise services. These areas are familiar services transport, leisure, health, education, housing and access to information and advice * choice and control shaping services to meet peoples needs, rather than shaping people to fit in with the services on offer * social capital care and support that individuals and their carers can get from their topical anesthetic community (friends, family, neighbours or community groups) and * early intervention and prevention support that is available for people who need help to stay independent for as long as possible, to keep their home or garden tidy, or to start taking fixing exercise. 2. escribe how a human rights based approach supports an individual to make decisions and take risks. A human rights based approach (HRBA) to risk management means ensuring individuals know their rights and are being supported to participate in making choices and decisions. A human rights based approach to risk assessment balances the human rights of service users, their carers, and members of their communities. This is so risks can be managed more positively. A HRBA looks at risk through a Human Rights lens, identifies relevant equality and diversity issues, and maximises service user participation and empowerment.A human rights based approach to risk, means ensuring service users are as involved as they can possibly be in their own risk assessment process. Whether the service user partic ipates fully or contributes to a small aspect of their risk assessment, some involvement will almost always be possible. The ways in which you possibly apply this in your work practice is through things such as protagonism, direct payments, personalised services, person centred planning and support planning. Outcome 4 Be able to support individuals to make decisions about risks 1. upport an individual to recognise potential risk in different areas of their life 2. support the individual to balance choices with their own and others health, gum elastic and offbeat Positive risk taking is a process which starts with the identification of potential benefit or harm. The desire outcome is to encourage and support people in positive risk taking to achieve personal change or growth. The individuals could face risks in many different areas of their life including, risks relating to their health, their social life and as well their finances and it is important to support the individual to recognise those potential risks.The risk assessment looks at four areas of risk risks to self, risks to others and risks from other and risks to property. Within each area of risk, common risk issues and difficulties (for example self harm, visible aggression, abuse issues) are itemised. It is also important that the individual realises that although they have a right to take risks they also have a responsibility towards themselves and others, includingColleaguesFamilies or carersFriendsOther professionalsMembers of the publicAdvocatesAnd it is important that whilst maximising their quality of life they also need to maintain their safety, responsibilities to themselves and others for social emotional and corporal reasons. funding an individual to recognise potential risks whilst balancing the choices with their own and others health, safety and well-being involvesEmpowering people to access opportunities and take worthwhile chances.Understanding the persons perspective of what t hey will gain from taking risks and understanding what they will lose if they are prevented from taking the risk. Ensuring the individual understanding the consequences of different actions An sure choice means that a person has the information and support to think the choice through and to understand what the reasonably expected consequences may be of making that choice.Helping the individual to make decisions based on all the choices available and accurate information It is important to remember that too much information can be oppressive and individuals have differing needs in relation to how information is presented to them.Being positive about risk taking. Understanding a persons strengths and finding creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruling them out.Knowing what has worked or not in the past and where problems have arisen, understanding why sustenance people who use services to learn from their experiences.ensuring support and advocacy is availabl esometimes financial support short term risks for long-term gains.ensuring that services provided promote independence not dependenceassuming that people can make their own decisions (in line with the Mental Capacity Act) and reinforcement people to do so working in partnership with adults who use services, family carers and advocates and recognise their different perspectives and viewsdeveloping an understanding of the responsibilities of each partypromoting trusting working relationships. 3. report how own values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practice when supporting an individual to take risks magnanimous people who use services choice and control over the care they receive is important if personalisation is to become a reality.The responsibility for encouragingrisk-taking can make you olfactory property they are being put in a difficult position trying to balance personalisation with your own values and beliefs and also your duty to keep people safe. Be cause of your own past experiences you may feel that the risks involved, will result in problems, but you should not let this interfere with the individuals desires. Because you had a bad experience following a breaker point of action does not necessarily mean this will happen to others. An example could be an individual absent to join a lonely hearts club.Your own thought may be negative towards this job of action, possibly because you have personally had a bad experience or possibly because you feel this is not the best way to meet people. Your beliefs and experiences should not bedim the issue. It is important that you feel confident and equipped to support people you are caring for to assess and evaluate their own risks. Advice is readily available when facing difficult facial expressions in the form of risk enablement panels, which can share responsibility for making complex decisions when signing off a persons support plan.The panel would usually involve the individual o r any advocates or carers representing them members of the local safeguarding adults board the allocated social worker and specialists such as a psychiatrist.4. record all discussions and decisions make relating to supporting the individual to take risks. It is important to ensure that any discussions and decisions do relating to supporting the individual to take risks or concerning risks, are recorded in their support plan. Records will need to be understandable to all the members of the team.The aim of record keeping is to ensure that the right people have the right information to provide the best care for the service user and they also provide a record of what you and the individual have discussed and discrete with regards risk taking. The records should also record any incidents which have taken place. The reason for keeping the records areTo betoken that you have offered the individual choicesTo show that you have concord the desired outcomesTo show that the individual has g iven their consent.This is important for two very important reasons Responsibility The records will indicate who is responsible for what parts of the plan, this avoids confusion as everyone is clear of what their responsibilities are (Responsibility (for) can be delineate as a set of tasks or functions that an employer, professional body, court of law or some other recognised body can legitimately demand. ) accountability means the person is contractually accountable to their employer and also accountable to the law, for any actions or ommissions in their practice and must always be able to relieve their decisions.When work is being either distributed or delegated, the individual who carries it out needs to be competent to do so. Competence is an individuals ability to effectively apply knowledge, understanding, skills and values within a designated cooking stove of practice. (Accountability describes the mechanism by which failure to exercise responsibility may produce sancti ons such as warnings, disciplining, suspension, criminal prosecution, or deregistration from professional status. It can be called accountability).Where a professional or organisation makes a decision not to support an individual to abide by a particular decision or course of action, they must be able to explain this and give that they have thought through and discussed in a balanced and proportional way the potential consequences of refusing to support the risk Where the individual is able to make an aware choice and still wishes to pursue a gamy risk decision or choice, having a sign risk assessment is one way of video display that they are aware of the risks and are willing to take them.This provides organisations and professionals with a significant degree of protection for their support of the decision should things go reproach.Outcome 5Be able to support individuals to take risks 1. complete a risk assessment with an individual following agreed ways of working Risk ass essment is the activity of collecting information through observation, communication and investigation.It is an ongoing process that involves considerable industry and skill to assemble and manage relevant information in ways that become meaningful for the users of services (and significant other people) as well as the practitioners involved in delivering services and support. To be effective it needs disabled adults and older people, their families, carers, advocates and practitioners to interact and ripple to each other about decisions that have been taken and their appropriateness in the light of experience.Where a risk assessment is needed, a decision then has to be taken about whether or not positive risk-taking is necessary to achieve certain outcomes for the person concerned. It will not always be appropriate to take positive risks but this has to be determined in partnership with the person affected, and their family where appropriate. It is a professional judgement that s hould not be influenced by an overly gingerly approach to risk. At the same time though, positive risk-taking is not negligent ignorance of the potential risks nobody benefits from allowing risks to play their course through to disaster. . communicate the content of the risk assessment to others It is important to communicate and work in a consistent way with all those supporting the individual. Information gathering and sharing is important. It is not just an essential part of risk assessment and management, but also key to identifying a risk in the first place. It is important to communicate the content of the risk assessment to all relevant staff. It will also be important to discuss and explain the risk assessment with the individuals carer and family.The individuals goals and targets should be discussed with all concerned, to aid understanding regards the risk assessment and to ensure all those involved are aware of the desired outcomes. However, the use and sharing of inform ation must respect the principles outlined in the data Protections Act 1998.3. support the individual to take the risk for which the assessment has been completed Once the support plan has been completed and the risks defined it is important to support the individual to take the risks. This may involve discussing the risk assessment in depth with the individuals family.The individuals desired outcomes could conflict with those of carers, especially when the latter(prenominal) placed more emphasis on safety while the individual was prepared to accept a greater level of risk in order to maintain independence. Differences in attitudes to risk had to be tackled through good social work, to reinforce the individuals preferences while helping the family to distinguish between unconventional and flagitious behaviours. Another way of supporting the individual to take the risk in the first instance, could involve a trial run.An example could be where the individual wants to make an indepen dent instigate in to town using public transport.On the first trip you could accompany the individual on each tonus of the journey.On the second trip, you could accompany them to the town and then arrange to meet with them later in the day.On the third trip, you may just accompany them to the bus dispel. Gradually you can reduce the amount of support you provide. Another method of support could be to have a misfortune plan in case things dont quite go according to plan.If we look again at the last scenario, what would happen if the individual confused the last bus home? By ensuring they have a pre-arranged telephone number of their next of kin or carer they can make them aware of the problem. or else they may have the telephone number of the local mini cab office who would bring them home as an selection. It is also important that the individual knows what to do if things do go wrong. You can support them to take risks by ensuring they have clear information and advice about what to do if they have any concerns.For example they should be aware of and be able to recognise and identify abuse or neglect and know where and how they should seek help if necessary. Your support doesnt end once the risk assessment has been carried out. 4. review and revise the risk assessment with the individual After each risk assessment has been agreed it is important that it is monitored and reviewed in case any revisions are necessary. Risks may change as circumstances change, so they should be reviewed regularly. An assessment is a snapshot, whereas a risk assessment is an ongoing thing.Risk assessments should be reviewed periodically and whenever circumstances change to ensure they last out current. At the time the risk assessment is made it should include the signatures of everyone involved in the assessment and a review date should be place. It is important to review and revise risk assessments so that the success of the positive risk taking can be assessed and any ne cessary adjustments can be made. It may be necessary for the individual to have access to raise resources to enhance the plan or adaptations could be made to help the individual meet their planned outcomes.When positive risk-taking has a negative consequence, it is necessary to identify what has asleep(p) wrong and how the assessment and management of the risk contributed to this. ineluctably if we are supporting individuals to have more choice and control in their lives through positive approaches to managing risk, things are likely to go wrong from time to time. If this happens and the risk taken results in a negative outcome for the individual, there is no doubt that the risk taking process will come under interrogatory and the way in which this process worked to minimise the foreseeable risks will be considered.If the risks taken do not meet the planned outcomes for the individual then they may have to be reviewed and revised. 5. evaluate with the individual how taking the place risk has contributed to their well-being. Well-being describes the way we think and feel about ourselves and others, our confidence, and our ability to control things in our life. We all need to protect our wellbeing and this can be done by taking part in physical activity and having opportunities for relaxation and social activities. These can increase our resilience to cope with lifes difficulties and ability to enjoy life.You will need to evaluate, with the individual, how taking the identified risks has contributed to their well-being and quality of life. This will involve looking for at the positive and the negative consequences and outcomes of their choices. Has taking the risks met the individuals needs and achieved their desired outcomes. Taking the identified risks should result in the individual feeling empowered and having greater independence, control and a sense of due north about their lives. By supporting an individual to take positive risks, it can help them to evaluate alternative courses of action and can build confidence.The experience of failure, as a result of risk taking in a safe environment, can help to build resilience to setbacks and help individuals to manage risk better in the future.Outcome 6Understand duty of care in relation to supporting positive risk-taking 1. explain how the principle of duty of care can be maintained while supporting individuals to take risks Ultimately, you have a statutory duty of care and a responsibility not to agree to a support plan if there are serious concerns that it will not meet an individuals needs or if it places an individual in a austere situation.Whilst an individual can choose voluntarily to live with a level of risk and is entitled to do so (with the law treating that person as having consented to the risk) the local authority is not obliged to fund it. There is an important distinction between putting people at risk and enabling them to choose to take reasonable risks. Inevitably if we are supporting individuals to have more choice and control in their lives through positive risk taking, things may go wrong from time to time.A defensible decision is one where those involved in the risk assessing processUsed true assessment methodsActed responsibly in relation to their duty of careWere not negligentAssessed and took steps to manage and minimise foreseeable risksRecorded decisions and subsequently checked they were carried outFollowed policies, procedures and guidanceInvolved the person and other relevant people in the processSupported people to make informed decisionsIdentification of positive and negative risksInvolvement of people who use services and those who are important to them this includes people who form the individuals loose circle of support, who are involved from the beginning to gather information, define what the risks are from the individuals point of view and to discuss ways to enable and manage these risks. Positive and informed risk-taki ng this is built on a strengths-based approach to the person and looks at creative ways for people to be able to do things rather than ruling them out. Proportionality this means that the time and effort spent on managing a risk should match the severity of that risk.The approach should also explore the consequence of not taking the risk in question, such as tone ending of autonomy or restriction of choice. Contextualising behaviour this means knowing about the persons history and social environment, their previous experience of risk, what has and has not worked in previous situations. Defensible decision making this means recording a clear rationale for all the decisions made and the discussions that led to the decisions, including reference to relevant legislation such as the Mental Capacity Act or the Human Rights Act. A learning culture this require a commitment to ongoing learning and the use of brooding practice for people working at the frontline. Tolerable risks this involves negotiating and balancing issues of risk and safety to identify what is gratifying for everyone concerned (the individual and others including the community) on a case by case basis.2. describe what action to take if an individual decides to take an unplanned risk that places him/herself or others in neighboring(a) or imminent danger. imminent danger refers to any danger or dangerous condition that would not normally take place. If you think an individual is about to take an unplanned risk which will place them or others in immediate or imminent danger it is important to take appropriate corrective and preventative action and stop the activity immediately. An individual who is injuring himself/herself or is threatening physical harm to others may be restrained in an emergency to safeguard the individual and others. Risk assessments should include contingency measures that address risks arising from unplanned events. personal intervention isA method of responding to the c hallenging behaviour of people with a learning disability and/or autism, which involves some degree of direct physical force. Physical intervention may be the only course of action. Staff should be equipped with a range of skills to deal with and countermine potentially violent situations, as well as a range of restraint techniques that will allow for use of the minimum level of force possible. Physical intervention is only used in response to challenging behaviour and to restrict the movement and mobility of the person concerned.