A Popular American Topic On The 19th Century - 2982 Words

A popular American topic taking place in the nineteenth century has been seen as the story of the young nation and its settlement along with its expansion. This tale is often generates a bit of controversy because it was at the expense of the Native Americans lives that this young American nation was able to expand its wings, flourish its economy and set its self-up as the hegemon country in years that would follow. With the increase of population, people saw the need to expand their own personal territories and looked at the frontier as a potential home. Supported by the government, policies were put into place that would soon allocate land to those who were brave enough to settle past the frontier and into the west. While holding the notion of divine right, Americans resorted to encroachment into Native American territory which would bring about differences among both settlers. Elected president in 1828, Andrew Jackson would come into office with a plan to resolve the problem of tensions that continued among Native Americans and Euro-Americans. Beginning with the well-known word and notion of manifest destiny and moving on to the United States government policies, the American westward expansion brought much profit to the Euro-Americans but much suffering to the Native Americans. Government policies would soon be put forth and justify the oppression and disenfranchisement of the natives culture and territory. Alfred A. Cave takes a in depth look at the JacksonianShow MoreRelatedGertrude Stein : A Feminist Approach Of Seeming Weak And Unstable1635 Words   |  7 Pagesis going on with women during the 20th century. She wrote, â€Å"A brown which is not liquid not more so is relaxed and yet there is a change, a news is pressing† (Stein, 1914). I believe that she is talking about the changes that women are fighting for. 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By the early 20th century, due to various factors such as mix of ethnicities and cultures with syncopated musical styles influenced by African-American traditions, the increase in non-reading musicians improvising melodies, and simply the existence of numerous brass bands, New Orleans had become an entertainment powerhouse that largelyRead MoreThe Big Red by Edgar Allan Poe1115 Words   |  5 Pagesof Poe is s till a mystery but his works affect people’s lives on a daily basis. The elegance of Poe’s prose invokes an emotional reaction he was subject to during his childhood that later led to the creation of the most influential works of the 19th Century. Events of his childhood are surely responsible for some of his questionably beautiful actions. In an excerpt dedicated to Poe by Roberts and Zweig we learn that he claimed his middle initial from Francis Allan. 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The Open Method Of Coordination Education Essay Free Essays

string(68) " works in a different topographic point, and in a practical manner\." The Open Method of Coordination was introduced at the Lisbon European Council meeting in 2000, and is described as a new policy instrument composed of four nucleus constituents. First, moving in concert, both the Member States and European establishments set fixed guidelines for the EU. Second, there are quantitative and qualitative indexs and benchmarks. We will write a custom essay sample on The Open Method Of Coordination Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Third, guidelines are transferred into domestic policies and policy-objectives, and eventually, besides included in this new policy instrument are common larning procedures such as benchmarking, monitoring and peer reappraisal are present ( see Eberlein and Kerwer 2004:123 ) . The European Employment Strategy ( EES ) , frequently referred to by some faculty members as â€Å" the female parent of the OMC † ( Smismans 2004:2 ) , was established in 1997 merely three old ages before the OMC was born. The EES laid introduced employment issues as a corporate European job and from so on, it has become the basis for the EU function in the coordination of its Member States ‘ employment policies ( Watt 2004:118 ) . Harmonizing to a textual analysis of the EES, employment policy in the EU is a â€Å" mobilisation of human resources † ( Zangle 2004:11 ) and execution of active labor market policies ( ALMPs ) , alternatively of forestalling unemployment. One of the most important constituent and strengths of the OMC and the EES is the possibility it presents for histrions to reciprocally larn from each other ‘s policy ( Goetschy 2004:7 ) . Indeed, â€Å" societal acquisition is an knowing effort to modify the aims or methods of policy in reac tion to old experience and new information. We can believe of policymaking procedure as therefore consisting of three cardinal variables: the cardinal aims that usher policy in a given sphere, the methods or policy instruments used to accomplish those aims and the specific context of these instruments † . In the context of the OMC and EES, the construct of common acquisition consists of such instruments as benchmarking, periodic monitoring, peer reappraisal exercisings and rating. These constructs are introduced to promote the designation and transportation of the ‘best patterns ‘ which are so assumed to take to new policy thoughts, institutional agreements, policy execution and formation of corporate penchants. By take parting in this procedure, member provinces are expected to non merely better their national labor market policies but should besides endeavor to meet towards the employment policy recommendation recommended at the EU degree. Although, the OMC recognizes national diverseness through the development of common acquisition and multi-level administration, nevertheless, the foundation for achieving common convergence is besides present within common aims, benchmarking, and rating and within policy coordination itself. This is precisely what some faculty members have described as an built-in tenseness in the OMC ( see Goetschy 2004 ) . Specifically, there is a contradiction between the accent on the method as a tool giving Member States the freedom to develop at their â€Å" ain gait † , and the of import demand to voyage the procedure of policy alteration in the way of â€Å" convergence towards EU aims † ( Radaelli 2004:14 ) . It is exactly the deduction for the common acquisition procedures in footings of this contradiction that this paper concerns itself with. In the visible radiation of this contradiction, we will try to confirm the premise which reads: the statements between the claims of â €Å" diverseness † and â€Å" convergence † epitomized in the OMC and the EES nowadayss both opportunities and restrictions with respects to the procedure of common acquisition for the Member States. The theoretical deductions of the opportunities and restrictions of Mutual Learning With the debut of the OMC in to the EU, Mutual acquisition as a construct has attained wholly new intending. From this position it is non merely larning between national authoritiess that counts ( â€Å" horizontal acquisition † ) , but besides there is turning characteristics of perpendicular coordination at EU administration degree, and horizontal and perpendicular acquisition ‘from below ‘ ( â€Å" bottom-up † ) . When observed from the national degrees, the function of the policy larning procedures under the EES, opportunities and restrictions of their execution can be viewed from different theoretical point of views. One may get down at the macro-theoretical degree deducing and clarifying policy transportations. For illustration, new institutionalism argues that way dependences limit larning particularly in the visible radiation of the assortment of institutional models and public assistance governments in Europe ( Lodge 2003:18 ) . One may besides get down with the principal-agent and two-level game theories to analyze the complex interaction between member provinces, the civil society and the EU establishments. Buchs ( 2004 ) has applied this attack in his analysis concludes that the function of province in this great game is that of an intermediary between the EU degree and civil society and that larning procedures can be understood by detecting this interaction ( 2004:4 ) . The impression of patriotism can besides be used to assist depict the reluctance of certain member provinces to take part in the policy acquisition procedures and the transportation of policies. from this position â€Å" national pride, reluctance to reassign sovereignty, and the self-pride of the province are of import, histrions dickering both over benchmarking marks, public presentation measuring, and benchmarking consequences † ( Zangle,2004:10 ) . However, in this paper the opportunities and restrictions of the common acquisition procedures will be critically analysed within the horizon of the built-in tenseness between the ‘evidence-based policy doing ‘ and ‘constructive agnosticism ‘ attacks. There is no uncertainty that the vision articulated by the interior decorators of the OMC and the EES consist of both the practical, statistical, direct grounds to hasten learning procedures and their national results, qualitative and quantitative indexs to be used in benchmarking and grander end of accomplishing convergence. Conversely, regard for the national diversenesss, acknowledgment of diversenesss, state of affairss, demands and, the involvements of the Member States are besides incorporated in this new manner of administration. Both opportunities and restrictions are rooted in this twofold and sometimes even contradictory nonsubjective and procedure. ‘Evidence-based policy devising ‘ The ‘evidence-based policy doing ‘ attack is located within the rationalist school of idea which assumes that policy determinations are made between another class of action on the footing of what works in a different topographic point, and in a practical manner. You read "The Open Method Of Coordination Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Hence, instead than anchoring policy determinations on political orientation, they are grounded on the empirical grounds collected elsewhere ( Sanderson 2002 ) . so â€Å" it seems to be rational common sense to see policy as a purposive class of action in chase of aims built upon careful appraisal of alternate ways of accomplishing such aims and effectual execution of the selected class of action † ( Sanderson, 2002:5 ) . Consequently, this point of position argues that there are two cardinal types of grounds that are required to better effectual authorities action. First and first, grounds is required which confirms the operational capacity of the different authorities bureaucratic machine in the policy are under optimum public presentation. Second, grounds is required which to advance betterment through more efficient methods and schemes. Whereas in the former grounds is fundamentally required in the signifier of information on different constituents and marks of public presentation ( Sanderson 2002:3 ) . In the later, there is a qualitative difference in that grounds is basically required in the signifier cognition about how good specific policies and patterns work elsewhere, and how the policy intercessions reform societal systems ( ibid. ) Opportunities The ‘evidence-oriented policy doing ‘ attack contends that there are four major ways grounds can edify the development and execution of policy. First, determinations about what policy actions to follow in a given policy field can be learned by grounds of the likely effectivity of that policy penchants. Second, grounds collected from antecedently implemented policies maps as a foundation for the prospective deliberations of policy penchants and possibilities. Third, grounds besides plays an of import function in placing non on the most of import jobs in that policy field but besides those jobs that should be accorded the highest precedence in policy intercession. And, eventually, improved cognition about policy jobs and possible policy penchants can assist to affect the concerned stakeholders in a healthy argument about how to put aims ( Sanderson 2002:4 ) . This attack therefore depends on the grounds ( normally quantitative ) that both in theory and pattern determines ef fectual policy penchants. This positivist attack submits that opportunism ( in this instance attributable to provinces as entities ) and rational behavior might supply solution to public policy jobs. As a consequence, this attack leads to the hypothesis that what works in one province should besides work in other, since there are monolithic statistical and scientific grounds in the field where policymakers can pull valuable lessons from ( Hill 2005:51 ) . The chief drift for looking at old enforced policies and institutional agreements and larning by supervising and rating is because larning is a agency to cut down mistakes ( Radaelli 2004:6 ) . Learning from the experience of others can be more efficient than larning from one ‘s ain experience, since it minimizes the hazard of failures. Therefore, histrions are able and willing to utilize larning within organisational webs under the OMC, as they believe in the possibility of happening a solution for their several jobs within this web, utilizing it as â€Å" radio detection and ranging † ( ibid.7 ) . In add-on, benchmarking entails the comparative measuring of public presentation of one organisation against other organisations, within a defined mark ( Heritier 2002:5 ) . From this position, it suggests comparing member provinces against each other within the employment guidelines and indexs. This procedure, so, can be said to be the learning procedure in pattern, since it entails looking for the ‘best patterns ‘ in order to extinguish the chance of public presentation spreads on eventual acceptance of the policy penchant. Benchmarking can be defined as a â€Å" practical tool for bettering public presentation by larning from best patterns and the procedures by which they are achieved † ( O’Reagain and Keegan in: Schludi 2003 ) . Furthermore, different strand of faculty members define a benchmark in a instead mechanical and rational manner, declaring it to be â€Å" a criterion or point of mention against which things may be compared or assessed † ( ibid 2003 ) . Hence, from this position, benchmarking denotes the comparative rating of public presentation and the obliteration of predominating public presentation spreads, based on qualitative standards. Restrictions Harmonizing to Graham ( 1999:5. ) , there are â€Å" seven Nemesiss † to ‘evidence-based policy ‘ viz. ; bureaucratic logic, the bottom line, consensus, political relations, civil service civilization, cynicism and clip. First, bureaucratic logic entails that misreading of the current state of affairs and gathered grounds is a impeding factor to any policy development. From this point of position, bureaucratic logic is phrased as â€Å" things are right because they have ever been done this manner † ( ibid. ) and there is no ground to alter it, even if the prevalent manner of policy-making is epistemologically flawed. â€Å" The bottom line † refers to the thought that the effectivity of policies can non be measured by quantitative and qualitative confirmations entirely because in pattern, policy is built on consensus instead than on beyond doubt grounds. Policy in pattern involves an extended procedure of audience carried out to find different involv ement and penchants of all concerned histrions, and the bounds of a solution that will fulfill every one of these histrions. A outstanding restraint in the designation of ‘best pattern ‘ is that it does non basically place the suited scheme by which it can be applied to different institutional scene. Even if granted that policy larning consequences to reform, the precise policy transportation might be unsuccessful. Indeed, Dolowitz and Marsh ( 2000 ) , claim that there are some noteworthy factors that cause policy transportation to diverge from the marks set by policy-makers doing the transportation. For illustration, the failure of the importing province to retroflex the transferred policy in conformity with the marks set by policy-makers of the exporting province can be as a consequence of uneducated transportation, particularly if there is non equal information about the policy and how it should operates in another institutional scene. Finally, Dolowitz and Marsh talk about unsuitable policy transportation if adequate attending is non paid to the different economic, societal, political and i nstitutional background in the importing member province. ‘Constructive agnosticism ‘ For the ‘constructivist agnosticism ‘ attack, given that cognition of the societal universe is non merely socially constructed and culturally every bit good as historically dependent ; cognition and acquisition, and their functions in policy-making are complex issues. Harmonizing to this point of position, policy acquisition and development is understood as a â€Å" procedure of deliberation which considers beliefs, rules and actions under conditions of multiple frames for the account and rating of the societal universe ( Dryzek,16 ) . The rating of the common acquisition procedures can non merely be reduced to a â€Å" proficient exercising † since like all the other facet of the policy-making ; it is conditioned by different penchants, norms, values, and alone institutional backgrounds. Consequently, the rating of any procedures or experience should be based on a communicative and argumentative procedure ( Sanderson 2003:338 ) . As Schwandt contends, there is a demand for â€Å" critical intelligence † which is fundamentally â€Å" the ability to inquiry whether the terminal is deserving accomplishing. It does non name for merely basic cognition of effects, but the willingness and capacity to debate the value of different terminals of a pattern † ( Schwandt in: Sanderson 2003:338 ) . Given that the fluctuations in national fortunes are high, it can be reasoned that non merely â€Å" what counts is what works † , but â€Å" what is appropriate † is besides of import for each spec ific national circumstance. In short, the consideration of the rightness of the agencies and terminals of a policy procedure is of extreme importance ( ibid: 332 ) . Opportunities Harmonizing to this position, dependance practical grounds to pull direct policy determination can non be absolute. â€Å" It is recognized that cognition comes in different signifiers † ( Campbell 2002:89 ) , and as such, it is non merely the experts who should play a function in decision-making but besides non experts, since no cognition is a waste. In short, when policy shapers are on the quest to larn lessons â€Å" their ain state ‘s yesteryear is the best topographic point to get down † ( Dolowitz and Marsh 1996:351 ) . By looking back into the historic yesteryear, †actors learn non merely what has worked, but can besides larn and cognize what non to reiterate † . Therefore, cross-national and bottom-up benchmarking has a inclination to uncover the flaws inherent in national policies, circumvent uneffective policies, avoid dearly-won policy bloopers, and challenge those patterns that have seized to be effectual, which in the terminal, increases the legitimacy of policy penchants and policy tools used. The increasing diffusion of thoughts and information is an obvious chance for national policy-makers. It does non needfully imply statistical and scientific confirmations for policy-making, but it can take to the imitation of utile thoughts and determinations at the national degree. It besides entails the airing of corporate linguistic communication, i.e. peculiar look which has specific intending both for the EU development in societal policy and its Member States likewise. Even though academic research on the common policy larning instruments gestate benchmarking, in a instead proficient manner, we argue in this paper that it besides has cognitive and normative values, which can be seen as a chances and possibilities provided by this sort of policy larning to fight for the convergence in end products. â€Å" Benchmarking may help in developing and justifying policy responses that are improbable to be discovered within a member province ‘s prevalent institutional scenes. As a consequence, it may work as an instrument to loosen up the frequently strong way dependence of predominating public assistance province constructions † ( Heinze et al. in: Schludi 2003:13 ) . Given the high extent of national public assistance traditions diversenesss, benchmarking in societal policy at the EU degree should be able to acknowledge these diversenesss and admit its auxiliary value, i.e. it provides the footing for the exchange of ‘best patterns ‘ and experience without the demand to enforce a top-down solution. Restrictions The danger and restriction to the acquisition might besides come from a state of affairs, when engagement is neglected and the nucleus of the OMC is formed merely by politicians and experts, therefore, alternatively of ‘opening-up ‘ the procedure, it becomes even more technocratic. â€Å" Negative lesson-drawing † is besides of extreme importance. If common acquisition between member provinces becomes excessively concerted to the extent that sufficient attending is no longer paid to negative lessons or policy failures, it may be wise to pretermit of import alternate solutions and take a more independent critical expression at benchmarking. Put otherwise, larning is abetted by mistake inasmuch as by success ( Radaelli 2004:26 ) . Therefore, the challenge is to happen a right balance between the co-op and competitory acquisition ( ibid. ) , and by so making, authoritiess may utilize their ‘critical intelligence ‘ and withdraw from policy reforms because o f what they have learnt ( Schludi 2003:14 ) . The EES and common acquisition Having provided an extended analysis of the theoretical deductions of common acquisition, the paper will now turn to the European Employment Strategy to analyze how the tenseness between the claims of ‘divergence ‘ and ‘convergence ‘ are treated in the OMC and how it influences the Member States cooperation in the EES model. The chief intent of the EES was to set up a legal footing of Community-level action in the employment policy country ( while taking national diverseness in this policy country into history ) , with the specific aim to increase the efficiency of the European Social Model through occupation creative activity and high employment rate. Besides, the EES was built in such a manner that it should work as a accelerator of the best performing national employment policies. 4.1 Contradiction between ‘divergence ‘ and ‘convergence ‘ – impact on Member States With respects to the European Council ‘s decisions the co-ordinated employment policy was built on the following. To get down with, the Commission introduces general designs of the finest employment scheme for Member States to follow. Then, after a deliberation with administrative officials from the Member States employment guidelines are established. Additionally, quantitative and quantitative indexs are established to be used in benchmarking. The guidelines in concurrence with the established indexs are what organize the footing of national action programs ( NAPs ) ( Trubek and Mosher 2002 ) , which are so formulated by single Member States. Each Member State has to supply a elaborate history of how it plans to implement the guidelines. Furthermore, the results of the prevalent national employment policy and ‘best patterns ‘ that might function as possible theoretical accounts for other Member States are included ( Zandstra 2004:10 ) . Once the NAPs have been subm itted, the committee so prepares so called Employment Package which contains the analysis of the NAPs, specific and general Council recommendations to single member provinces. It is the Council who has the concluding say on the concluding version of the Employment Package ( ibid. ) . Through the usage of equal reappraisal and exchange of good patterns, every member province is straight challenged with the programs and patterns of other member provinces. This so helps to secure the criterions by which to mensurate its ain public presentation ( Trubek and Mosher 2003:77 ) , at the same clip, it besides exerts force per unit area on each member province to endeavor for better results. But the principle behind the recommendations issued by the Council and their aim are progressively being greeted with double feelings from Member States. Groenendijk ( 2004 ) contends that the principle behind the recommendations is nil more than â€Å" appellative and dishonoring † , and that the OMC as a soft power policy-making instrument is at times referred to as a â€Å" ordinance by embarrassment † . Nevertheless, through the recommendations the Member States are besides informed about the built-in defects of their employment policies, and they are in a alone state of affairs to larn new ways of making things or copy new thoughts harmonizing to what they have been recommended. The pick of action still lies with Member States ; nevertheless, the shadow of force per unit area goes on. In the visible radiation of the foregoing, one of the most hard undertakings facing the EES is to happen the relative balance between the force per unit area to exercise on Member States to accomplish the formulated guidelines and still to esteem their diverse national policy agreements ( de la Porte 2002:41 ) . The indexs and guidelines are established in such a manner that a periodic comparative rating of member provinces against each other is carried out. The benchmarking procedure so is grounded on the chosen indexs. â€Å" In the model of OMC, it is the agencies to measure the success of the application of the method, and to set force per unit area on take parting Member State to meet towards jointly defined aims † ( ibid.42 ) . Therefore, the defined standards with respects to different policy constituents, ends and impacts, can be prompted both from the top-down and from the bottom-up attack. Anyways, there is a significant force per unit area for each Member State to a chieve these benchmarks. Many surveies conducted in this country have identified a figure of jobs with respects to the execution of the EES ( see Goetschy 2002 ; Watt 2004 ) . Among other grounds, the expected impacts of common acquisition might non be attained if a figure of stakeholders who are supposed to take part are non take parting. Furthermore, the extended comparative rating of the Member States ‘ public presentation originates from the top-down attack, since they are carried out by the European committee and the Council. Yet, it has been argued that the provinces will conform merely to those corporate ends and recommendations that are of national importance, irrespective of the sum of force per unit area ( de la Porte 2002:43 ) . It is dubious whether there will be common acquisition except the mechanisms integrated in the scheme are implemented and implemented in an effectual manner. Reasoning comments This paper adopted two theoretical attacks viz. , ‘evidence-based policy doing ‘ and ‘constructive agnosticism ‘ so as to expose the theoretical deductions sing the chances and restrictions that confronts the EU Member States take parting in the common acquisition. With respects to the execution of the EES, serious attending is paid both to qualitative and quantitative dimensions of common acquisition. This is exemplified in the statements of both the ‘evidence-based policy doing ‘ and its ‘constructive agnosticism ‘ opposite number. From this position, it is the analysis of these theoretical positions that help the geographic expedition of the â€Å" tenseness † portion of the EES and its impact on the policy acquisition processes. Indeed, the necessity to obtain proficient cognition about best patterns elsewhere has to be combined with the application of a â€Å" critical cognition † , rating of the rightness, and readin g of the qualitative and quantitative confirmations that relates to the specific national institutional contexts. In add-on, this procedure, as visualised in the design of this policy attack, should be both ‘top-down ‘ and ‘bottom-up ‘ . This so put the capacity of different histrions to prosecute in the acquisition processes into serious uncertainties. The deduction is that member provinces, while voluntarily take parting in common acquisition, are supposed to be on changeless hunt for the ‘best patterns ‘ , to copy or emulate these best patterns in order to better their ain national employment policies. However, there is an component of force per unit area nowadays in the signifier of informal countenances and the equal force per unit area with the purpose to endeavor for the convergence towards the EU ends in this policy country. Therefore, the force per unit area, different agreements of common acquisition, and rational, normative or practical elements they involve, can supply both chances and restrictions for Member States, since their national institutional context, degrees of development, and structural aspects are clearly different. This would besides propose that what is seen as a restriction for one Member State, might be a opportunity for another. How to cite The Open Method Of Coordination Education Essay, Essay examples

National Survey and Secondary Data Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the National Survey and Secondary Data Analysis. Answer: Introduction: The current assignment deals with post-operative nursing care practices. Here, the patient Kathleen Johnson is a 45 years old lady who had been admitted to the hospital for sleeve gastrectomy surgery. Kathleen has morbid obesity with a BMI index of 40kg/m2 along with type 2 diabetes. She is also the sole carer of her father who has been suffering from dementia and suffers from low self esteem due to her negative body image. Kathleen has been dependent upon addictives such as alcohol, cigarettes and coffee for dealing with the stress in her life. Therefore, after the gastrectomy surgery the patient has been transferred to the general ward where a nursing professional has been employed for looking after her care concerns. The patient here is a 45 years old lady suffering from type 2 diabetes and is morbidly obese. Therefore, she had been suggested sleeve gastrectomy surgery by the doctor. However, it is necessary to understand the aetiology and the pathophsyiology of the condition of the patient. The aetiology and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and obesity has been linked over here. It helps in understanding the effect of obesity on the overall health and well being in people. Obesity is a hetergenous group of conditions with multiple causes each of which is expressed as an obese phenotype (Berman et al., 2014). As commented by Bryant Knights (2014), the influence of genotype on the aetiology of obesity is either attenuated or exacerbated by non-genetic factors. There are a number of aetiological determinants of obesity which are endocrine and hypothalamic disorders, heritability, eating and energy storing patterns. Additionally, obesity has been strongly related to the development of type 2 diab etes. The BMI is strongly related to diabetes and insulin resistance as in obese individuals the amount of non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, hormones, cytokines, pro-inflammatory markers are increased. Serum free fatty acids (FFA) are frequently high in obese individuals which are the one of the major contributors to peripheral insulin resistance. Elevated levels of FFA in the blood have been seen to promote gluconeogenesis inducing hepatic and muscle insulin resistance. FFAS also enhances the accumulation of triglycerides in liver and skeletal muscle, which could be correlated with insulin resistance (Hoogervorst-Schilp et al., 2016). BMI equal to or greater than 40 kg/m2 has been categorised under class III obesity which increases the risk for illness and death manifold times (Broyles, Smith, Coon Bonawitz, 2016). The obese condition of Kathleen could be attributed to her lifestyle and eating habits. In order to cope up with her life stress Kathleen had been overtly dependent upon alcohol, smoking. Kathleen has been drinking upto four bottles of beer on a single night. Therefore, excessive alcohol uptake results in increased amount of calories. Therefore excess amount of stored energy whereas less expenditure can result in increased body weight. As commented by Bullock Hales (2012), the psychosocial factors have also been seen to trigger binge drinking in people. Thus, binge drinking with long intermittent gaps have been seen to enhance weight gain by disturbing the facultative thermogenesis cycle. Underlying pathophysiology of the patients post-operative deterioration The patient had been suggested a sleeve gastrectomy surgery in order to facilitate weight loss. In the following procedure most of the stomach is removed except a small sleeve shaped pouch. It restricts the amount of food which could be consumed by the patient improving metabolic s syndrome. It acts by changing hormonal signal between stomach, liver and brain by establishing lower set points. As supported by Broyles, Smith, Coon Bonawitz (2016), undertaking sleeve gastrectomy surgery helped in controlling type 2 diabetes in 58% of the cases. However, there are a number of complications associated with the conduct of sleeve gastrectomy surgery in patients. Some of the most common side effects which could be noted after the conduct of the sleeve gastrectomy surgery are feelings of nausea and vomiting. Some more serious complications can be seen in the patient are blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism) or legs (deep vein thrombosis) (Chou et al., 2016). Some other symptoms which could be seen over here are chest pain, shortness of breath. The leaking and bleeding around the stomach have been seen to cause abdominal pain and fever. In this respect, a number of post-operative complications were noticed in the patient such as shortness of breath or panting, high blood pressure, whereas the urine output has been recorded to be around 5 ml which is very less. The shortness of breath could be due to clotting of blood in the lungs during the surgery. Therefore, a post-operative follows up needs to be conducted on the patient. One of the most serious which needs to be addressed in the patient immediately is less urine output. It could be attributed to acute kidney injury (AKI) which may develop as a complication within the patient in post-aneasthasia care unit (PACU). It is important to recognise AKI in the early developmental stages as it could further progress into chronic kidney disease (Hamlin, Davies, Richardson-Tench Sutherland-Fraser, 2016). Additionally, use of antiarrythmic drug during surgery can also effect the normal urine output in the patient considerably. As commented by Forrester Griffiths (2014), ad equate resuscitation needs to implemented before application of the diagnostic criteria for decreased urine output. Appropriate nursing management of the patient Post-operative care process is crucial for the management of patients with gastric surgeries. Patients with a number of co-morbid conditions need to be kept inside the intensive care unit for few days before shifting to the general ward. Kathleen had type 2 diabetes, which required that a number of clinical assessments be completed before shifting her to the general ward. An A-E assessment needs to be conducted in order to analyse the overall condition of the patient. In this context, Kathleen was suffering from shortness of breath. Hence, the nursing professional needs to employ a proper airway management for looking after the respiratory complications developed in the patient. As commented by martin and Bartholomew (2018), residual anaesthesia have been seen to develop respiratory depression in the patient. Under such conditions, the nurse needs to make adjustments in endotracheal intubation. The patients could be placed in a reverse trendelenburg position which limits the push of abdominal contents over the diaphragm, facilitating the rate of respiration (Hamlin, Davies, Richardson-Tench Sutherland-Fraser, 2016). The expertise of aneasthelogist is required for the management of patients who are difficult to intubate. In order to improve tidal volume the head of the bed needs to be elevated from an angle of 30 to 45 degrees. Some of the additional steps which could be taken by the nursing professional over here are using intensify scale to access the pain in the patient. In this respect, the nurse should record pain as the 5th vital sign. The bleeding patterns of the patients needs to be monitored. The nurse should observe the puncture sites or the sites of insertion of the catherer tube closely as entry of any form of pathogen though those sites can result in the occurrence of central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABI) (Forrester Griffiths, 2014). Justification for involvement of three members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team The support care and participation of the interdisciplinary healthcare team can enhance the quality of the healthcare services. In this respect, part from the primary medical and nursing team three other allied healthcare professional could be involved who are dietician, critical care pharmacist, and respiratory therapist. Since Kathleen had undergone sleeve gastrectomy surgery therefore she needs to be particularly careful about her diet. Therefore, the involvement of a dietician can help in guiding the patient regarding the right food which needs to be taken after the pot-operative surgery. As mentioned by Craft, Hudson, Plenderleith Gordon (2017), the involvement of a dietician can help in providing effective diabetes management education to the patient. The involvement of clinical care pharmacist in disease state management has been found to be fruitful as they can keep a tab on the prescribed medication pattern of the patients. The interdisciplinary team can work closely with the doctors for effectively monitoring the changes in doses and their effects over the body of the patient in the long term (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013). The involvement of the respiratory therapists is crucial during the post-operative as they can help in restoring the normal breathing patterns of the patient. As mentioned by Gan et al. (2014), the involvement of the interdisciplinary care team can make the process of post operative support care easy and much more effective. However as argued by Bullock Hales (20121), the involvement of a number of medical channels can make the healthcare setting more slow and complicated. Therefore, an effective collaboration is needed between the different healthcare channels. Additionally, implementation of effective peri-operative nursing standards can help in improving the quality of care in an intensive care unit. Conclusion The current assignment focuses upon the nursing care and management strategies for patients who just had an immediate surgery. In this respect, the patient Kathleen is a 45 year old lady who had undergone a sleeve gastrectomy surgery due to morbid obesity. The patient depicted a number of complications immediately after the surgery such as the shortness of breath, high blood pressure and low urine output. Some of the most serious concerns surrounding the patient were low urine output along with shortness of breath. The low urine production could be due to acute kidney injury. Therefore, an effective postoperative follow up needs to be conducted which could help in accessing and monitoring the current health condition of the patient. Additionally, support from a number of health care channels along with interdisciplinary healthcare teams can help in improving the overall health condition of the patient. References Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Kozier, B., Erb, G. L., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., ... Parker, B. (2014).Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition(Vol. 3). London: Pearson Higher Education AU. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=wMWaBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Kozier+%26+Erb%E2%80%99s+fundamentals+of+nursing+(3rd+ed.).+Australia:+Pearson.+ots=FEk6kCa1nnsig=OOOkHrwLlTkR_hoCq565ovg88c8#v=onepageq=Kozier%20%26%20Erb%E2%80%99s%20fundamentals%20of%20nursing%20(3rd%20ed.).%20Australia%3A%20Pearson.f=false Broyles, J. M., Smith, M., Coon, D., Bonawitz, S. C. (2016). Assessment of nursing deficiencies in the postoperative care of microsurgical patients.Journal of reconstructive microsurgery,32(08), 615-624. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584528 Bryant, B., Knights, K. (2014).Pharmacology for Health Professionals ebook. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences, 25-45. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8b6PZgWIhYgCdq=Bryant,+B.,+%26+Knights,+K.+(2014).+Pharmacology+for+Health+Professionals+ebook.+Elsevier+Health+Scienceshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwisi9H2u4zaAhWBtI8KHWxsBIgQ6AEIJjAA Bullock, S., Hales, M. (2012).Principles of Pathophysiology. London:Pearson Higher Education AU, 85-101. Retrieved from:https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=N3_dBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Bullock,+S.,+%26+Hales,+M.+(2012).+Principles+of+Pathophysiology.+Pearson+Higher+Education+AUots=Sier9_EJzHsig=yCQl39Wn2BK4sv55TQ9Tzq-YDvg#v=onepageqf=false Chou, R., Gordon, D. B., de Leon-Casasola, O. A., Rosenberg, J. M., Bickler, S., Brennan, T., ... Griffith, S. (2016). Management of Postoperative Pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council.The Journal of Pain,17(2), 131-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.023 Cole, C., Hill, O., Saunders, R. (2012).Pocket Companion Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences, 202-313. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=g1zsgqBapekCoi=fndpg=PT8dq=rvis,+C.,+Forbes,+H.,+Watt,+E.,+(2012).+Jarvis%E2%80%99s+physical+examination+%26+health+assessment++(Australian+and+New+Zealand+ed.).St.+Louis,+Missouri:+Elsevier+Saundersots=3HXi-Ghv90sig=Hn2-S7UKGCemJ6tU97ZqHznMPf4#v=onepageqf=false Craft, J. A., Hudson, P. B., Plenderleith, M. B., Gordon, C. J. (2017). Enrolled nurses entering undergraduate studies at second year to become registered nursesA mixed methods study on commencing perceptions of bioscience.Collegian,24(4), 317-324.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2016.05.002 Forrester, K., Griffiths, D. (2014).Essentials of Law for Health Professionals-eBook. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences, 85-92. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=VlqmBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Forrester,+K.,+%26+Griffiths,+D.+(2015).+Essentials+of+law+for+health+professionals+(4th+ed.).+Sydney:+Elsevierots=ajESp-PfRhsig=74kPKhCSQLNBgQb6T95QZiY6XJ0#v=onepageqf=false Gan, T. J., Diemunsch, P., Habib, A. S., Kovac, A., Kranke, P., Meyer, T. A., ... Bergese, S. D. (2014). Consensus guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.Anesthesia Analgesia,118(1), 85-113. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000002 Hamlin, L., Davies, M., Richardson-Tench, M., Sutherland-Fraser, S. (2016).Perioperative Nursing-EBook-epub: An Introduction. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=_cr1CwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Hamlin,+L.,+Davies,+M.,+Richardson-Tench,+M.,+%26+Sutherland-Fraser,+S.+().+Perioperative+nursing%3B+An+introduction+(2nd+ed.).+Australia:+Elsevierots=Ebt8oXl2J5sig=YEiMPAYwy4z5ddHR0JaBsZYcGd8#v=onepageq=Hamlin%2C%20L.%2C%20Davies%2C%20M.%2C%20Richardson-Tench%2C%20M.%2C%20%26%20Sutherland-Fraser%2C%20S.%20().%20Perioperative%20nursing%3B%20An%20introduction%20(2nd%20ed.).%20Australia%3A%20Elsevierf=false Hoogervorst-Schilp, J., Van Boekel, R. L. M., De Blok, C., Steegers, M. A. H., Spreeuwenberg, P., Wagner, C. (2016). Postoperative pain assessment in hospitalised patients: National survey and secondary data analysis.International journal of nursing studies,63, 124-131. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.09.001 Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013).Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Pearson Australia, 165-212. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rwc0MwEACAAJdq=Levett-Jones,+T.+(Ed.).+(2013).+Clinical+reasoning:+Learning+to+think+like+a+nurse.+Pearson+Australia+ebook.+Elsevier+Health+Scienceshl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjs_8acvIzaAhUKvI8KHZ3UC2AQ6AEIJjAA martin, F. and Bartholomew, E. (2018). anatomy and physiology I. [online] Available at: https://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/auguste.nioupin/biol2401/Spring%2015_2401%20syllabus_-CRN_41813 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (2013). Professional codes and guidelines. Retrieved from :https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/CodesGuidelines.aspx

Negative Feedback Is Often Seen As Criticism †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Negative Feedback Is Often Seen As Criticism And Most People Do Not React Well To Criticism. Answer: In order to ensure success in life, it is highly essential for every individual, to be aware of his own flaws as well as competence, so that one can accomplish success in life. It is not enough for an individual to invest all his time and energy in a piece of work, but it is equally important to assess ones knowledge and capability. This assessment is possible only with the help of feedback from a second person, who either helps one realize his unique attributes that can aid him in success, or makes him aware of the flaws that he needs to overcome (Doyle et al. 2013). While any form of feedback, positive or negative, should be used in a constructive sense, most of the people tend to get infuriated and repulsed by any form of negative feedback. The problem with negative feedback is that it is often confused with destructive criticism. However, both do not imply the same thing. On the one hand, destructive criticism refers to the extremely malicious and hurtful comment made by a person to abuse or humiliate another person. The motive of such criticism is only to hurl abuses on another person and to hurt him. On the other hand, as far as negative feedback is concerned, it should be noted that the ulterior motive of the speaker is not to hurt the sentiment of an individual, but rather to encourage him to perform better in future. Thus, unlike the former, any form of negative feedback essentially helps in improving the performance of an individual, helping him realize all his potentialities, and accomplish greater success in future. While a man engaging in destructive criticism will tend to tell his employee- You are a fool, you can never meet production target in future!. On the other hand, a person trying to provide negative feedback to his employee will say I am sure you can do better. This time you could not meet your target, and we believe you will meet the same in the next month. The latter clearly shows signs of encouragement, and the employee should feel motivated to perform better, rather than getting offended (Brookhart 2017). This is the reason one should not treat any negative feedback to be negative in the literal sense. However, on the other hand, it is important to consider the question, why do people, receiving negative feedback tend to get disheartened and offended by negative feedbacks. It should be remembered that any form of feedback is feedback, and that the ultimate aim of any feedback, be it positive or negative, is to enlighten an individual about his present state of performance, so that h can improve the same in future. However, most often, the people feel that the person providing negative feedback is trying to undermine his potentiality or question his ability (Brem et al. 2014). Hence, the person receiving the feedback, tends to get defensive about his own ability and tries to shut away himself from any feedback that tends to shatter his confidence. However, negative feedback is not at all equivalent to criticism, as unlike the latter, the former does not simply undermine the ability of the person, but rather informs him about his performance level. Hence, negative feedback provided i n the right time should be motivating to the receiver. However, it can be argued back that one of the chief reasons why negative feedback is often treated synonymously with criticism is because of the wrong attitude of the person who gives the feedback. It is indeed a pity that most people do not know the art of providing negative feedback. Often people get aggressive while providing the negative feedback, which can discourage the other person, and dampen his self-confidence (Boud and Molloy 2013). Hence, it is important to respect the sentiment of the opposite person, and choose words discreetly, so that the listener does not get de-motivated, but rather energized to accomplish more. If the boss calls his employee and offers a negative feedback that goes like- You are a total failure! How could you not meet your targets!, it is quite natural for the employee to consider the feedback to be a criticism only. The employee is bound to feel that the boss is judging his professional abil ity on the basis of a single performance. However, it should be argued back any form of feedback should be considered to be equally acceptable. On the one hand, when the boss of an employee calls him provides him a positive feedback, saying- You did incredibly well, the employee feels motivated. On the other hand, when the same boss calls him and provides him negative feedback, saying Here is where you have gone wrong, the same employee feels discouraged. However, the ulterior purpose behind both the kinds of feedback was the same- to improve the employee performance. While the positive feedback intended to help the employee realize the importance of staying committed to work, enhancing both confidence as well as performance, the negative feedback aims to inform the employee the areas where he would require to put in extra effort. Thus, in both the cases, the ultimate purpose of the feedback remains the same- to inform and enlighten the listener about his performance and ensure his future improvement. When a feedback is be ing given on the performance of a person, it clearly suggests that the performance of the action has been properly monitored and critically evaluated (Wooten and Ulrich 2017). This is the sole reason why any and every kind of feedback should be welcome. It is also important to note in this connection, that any form of positive feedback helps one to stay optimistic as well as feel more at ease with the challenges one is encountering, and yet this is somethingthat novicesneed (DiSanza and Legge 2016). Feedback, even the negative ones, thus, helps one to be aware of his flaws, rather than simply criticizing him. On the other hand, when one becomes anexpert, and he is already more or less aware of what he is doing, it is only negative feedback that can help him do what it takes him to accomplish more. It is indeed a regrettable fact that usually negative feedback has a dramatic impact on the motivation of the listener, while he should be more accepting of the same. However, at the same time, much focus should also be given on how the feedback is being communicated to the listener. The feedback provider should not employ the use of abusive words, nor should he forget to leave behind a piece of good advice at the end of the feedback is being given. This will help the listeners, especially the novices, remain optimistic about their capabilities. Any kind of feedback helps a person improve his performance and evolve himself for a better future. References: Boud, D. and Molloy, E. eds., 2013.Feedback in higher and professional education: understanding it and doing it well. Routledge. Brem, B., Schnueriger, N., Hemmi, M., Caspar, F., Schnabel, K. and Woermann, U., 2014. Quality assurance of simulated patient feedback in communication training for fourth-year medical students. Brookhart, S.M., 2017.How to give effective feedback to your students. ASCD. DiSanza, J.R. and Legge, N.J., 2016.Business and professional communication: Plans, processes, and performance. Pearson. Doyle, J.C., Francis, B.A. and Tannenbaum, A.R., 2013.Feedback control theory. Courier Corporation. Wooten, J.O. and Ulrich, K.T., 2017. Idea generation and the role of feedback: Evidence from field experiments with innovation tournaments.Production and Operations Management,26(1), pp.80-99.

Sample of Paragraph on Hamlet

Sample of Paragraph on HamletA sample of characterization essay on Hamlet is a good idea for a student. It provides them with a basic outline of the plot and the motivation of the main character in the play. This can be a very important thing for an aspiring student to consider.A sample also shows a bit of what is required to write a good essay. For example the writing style that you should use is like that of a scholar and not just one who have no literary skills. One should definitely avoid the use of 'free' language. Remember that your professor will not pay you to use a free translation for example in a sample of characterization essay on Hamlet.This is because he will most likely see through the samples as his students will be like them. So, it is the responsibility of the instructor to make sure that you come across as a great writer. That is why the students of his class will be having the best of time. And therefore it is very important that the professor has enough confidenc e in his students and so that they show that confidence in writing.The sample of characterization essay on Hamlet is a great guide as to how the professor and the student will react to the write. Remember that there are different ways that you can go about finding out this. Some ways of making use of the sample are asking the instructor and then find out the choices from the responses.The second way is by checking the books that the instructor uses for reference and which you will have to use. The student will be able to access it. From these options, the student should choose the choice that most resembles how they want their essays to be.Another method is to get recommendations from students in your class. Be sure to visit the class and ask them if they recommend the choice of sample of characterization essay on Hamlet.You will find several websites that are specially designed to provide you with numerous examples for sample of essays on any topic. By going through these resources , you will find that you can prepare a very good work of literature.

The Life and Works of Maya Angelou free essay sample

A discussion of Maya Angelous life, talent and contribution to the black community. This paper focuses on the life and works of Maya Angelou, one of the greatest African-American literary figures in the United States. This multi-talented woman has had a major impact on the black community because of her active participation in the civil rights movement. Maya Angelou is an award winning writer, poet, historian, playwright, producer, and director and in short she is an amalgamation pf many talents, which are all, related to art. This amazingly writer has influenced the lives of millions of her readers because of her strong spiritual beliefs and an inner strength that she displays in her stories and other work. She has also actively participated in the civil rights movement because she feels that black still d not have equal rights in the United States; she has thus inspired many black men and women to achieve more by emulating her. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life and Works of Maya Angelou or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She has written some autobiographies which are very famous among the public because of their emotional content as they come form the very core of the authors heart, these include All Gods Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986), The Heart of a Woman (1981), Singin and Swingin and Gettin Merry Like Christmas (1976), Gather Together in My Name (1974), and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), which was also nominated for the National Book Award and has been one of her most widely read works.

Greatest Inventions essays

Greatest Inventions essays When asked what is the most important invention, many questions come to mind, and these inquiries must be answered before responding to the initial question. What is meant by the word invention? Essentially, anything that did not exist previously, whether it is a mechanical device or art, literature, or music, is an "invention". Is the most important invention a tool, a mechanical gadget, a concept or an idea that impacted or improved humanity as a whole (in terms of evolution, a new way of thinking, and connectedness)? What makes the invention or innovation important to humankind? What is the definition of most important? Not everyone has the same definitions and answers to the common questions involved in the discussion of humanitys connectedness and awareness of the world around them. The final answer immensely depends on the definition of important and the impact the invention had on humankind. There is not a single invention that is more important than the others, because they all contribute to the significant effects of change and evolution in civilization. If I had to narrow down my choices of the most important invention, after considering the massive array of discoveries and innovations that have surfaced over the far and recent centuries, I would choose the scientific method and the invention of the telescope and the microscope. They are both inventions that have not only transformed the way people live but the way they experience life. The scientific method is an important invention because it requires that we ask questions of nature with experimentation. It is an invention because humans actively and consciously thought it up. The greatest thing is, that one idea turned into many more ideas and concepts. The Ancient Greeks were impelled to understand the world around them and they believed that they could understand the world rationally because they supported the notion of co...